Developing and maintaining trust at work Essay Example for Free

Developing and maintaining imprecate at work EssayDeveloping and maintaining trust at work is essential for social system and eternal sleep at bottom the working environment and for a business to be successful in its chosen fields. Trust is built on the following, respect, honesty, integrity, communication, attitude, approachability, manners and commitment. Trust posterior be broken down by using a trust model that so incorporates decision-making factors and situational factors. Decision making factors consist of the followingHow risk unsubtle is the trustee?How well adjusted is he/she?Situational factors consist of the followingHow similar are the parties involved?How secure do the parties feel?Does the trustee show tint?Have they shown predictability and integrity?Do the parties have good communication between them?How much power do they have?Confidentiality is important for building and keeping trust in the work place, from senior managers down to the different sections within the business and onto the different workstations on the shop floor. When an employee confides in a person, who is in a short letter of trust, it is then that persons responsibility to keep and make sure that the information given to them is kept in the strictest confidence unless told otherwise by the trustee. Any breach of this confidentiality pass on break down trust between the parties involved and do serious damage to any respect that existed between them it would also have an knock on effect through all departments within the organisation and in worse case scenarios it could lead to legal action being carried out.Building the teamAn congressman of a group in my place of work is our start of transmit meeting between the shift manager/myself the team leader/ cell leadinghip/logistics charge hand/ line leaders from packing and assembly/the maintenance department. The shift manager would then chair the meeting and explain the running of the shift that day i.e. any changeovers, the availability of paper and labels and any quality issues found from the day before by the shift following us in. The manager would then give us our overall meterage figure from the day before. Everyone would then inform the manager of any immediate manning or relevant issues within their departments.All department heads would return to their respected work areas and relay the relevant information to their teams. I myself after having a face to face brief with my manager and my cell leaders would return to my cell and brief my team which (depending on the time in the season ) Consists of four machine operators and two packers of any relevant issues that could affect our cell for that day. I would then take the time to address any problems that immediately would face us i.e. Health and safety in our immediate area and adjoin area, housekeeping issues, machine target speeds and any other problems my operators/packers may have I also then delegate everyone on their indi vidual tasks for that day.When groups are organise they go through different stages before they can become effective and complete. The four stages were first recognised by Bruce Tuckman, these stages are Forming/Storming/Norming and Performing.I can recognise and bear on to these four stages in my work place. As a team/cell leader my cell consists of four machine operators, which is usually a mix of two permanent and temporary staff. At the start of our busy period/season im given between one and two new temporary machine operators for a period of a fortnight for training they first get introduced to the other members in my cell and start to learn what is expected of them by the company, And what is expected of them by me within the cell this is the Forming stage.Once the operator has met certain standards and requirements and has shown an ability to combat and recognise our biggest enemy which is waste I sign the operator off on my check sheet and then they will be allocated a machine to run on their own within the cell, They will start to become to a greater extent confident in their own ability and the environment in the cell, I will try and encourage the operator to voice their opinions and concerns regarding decisions I make within the cell, This is the Storming stage. The temporary operator should now be feeling like one of the team and should be hitting their meterage targets and now will be confident to serving any ideas they might have with myself and the rest of the team.This is the Norming stage. Everyone in the cell as a whole is hitting their production targets and the temporary operator is feeling established and comfortable of running any machine in the cell and running a machine through break on break cover with some other operator without supervision. This is the Performing stage. Tuckman added a fifth stage which is Mourning, This stage does occur in a cell when the team loses a valuable member to other cell and when the temporary oper ator leaves at the end of the season. It does have a significant effect in my experience on my teams morale, structure and sometimes even their attitude.

Gothic Horror Stories Essay Example for Free

Gothic Horror Stories EssayGothic execration is a type of ro globetic, disgust fiction based on unlogical fear that predominated in 18th century England. The term knightly originated from the architectural style of the middle ages, but came to describe the dark, terrifying tales that achieved such popularity. Gothic standoff can be determined by many things which exist in all gothic nuisance stories, for example eerie settings such as gothic monasteries, bleak comfortless castles, grave yards and cobwebbed rooms lit by guttering candles.It can to a fault be determined by a unique character such as a beast, monster, ghost, evil creature and innocent person. Usually the innocent person is killed by the evil creature in a gothic horror stratum. Fear, supernatural and the dingy were also essential elements in gothic horror. I looked at six stories but I will focus on tierce of the stories which appear to fit the genre, these stories are The Judges House written by Bram r elief pitcher who lived from 1847 to 1912. It is active a person called Malcomson who moves into an old mob.He gets disturbed by rats while living in the house and then gets killed by a judge. The Tell Tale Heart written by Edgar Allen Poe who lived from 1809 to 1849. This is about a man who is killed by another man at his house, police go to the house after getting a disturbance call from the neighbours then the killer confesses about the murder to the police. The Signalman written by Charles Dickens who lived from 1812 to 1870. The story is about a signalman who sees a ghost and every time he sees it, the ghost shows something in the emerging which is going to happen.The signalman tells a passing man about this incident, the man and him become friends. Then the signalman sees his own death without get it oning, he tells the man about this, they reckon of a rational reason for this but however the signalman dies. All three stories were written in the 19th century. They were al l set at the same time when they were written. This is a unafraid enough effect because at the time when they were written, horror stories containing superstition and the macabre were popular because the people at that time believed in witchcraft, ghosts and demons.The location of the action is of smashing importance in the gothic novel because it creates an atmosphere and feeling to the story. The Judges House is located in the dining room of an old, quiet and isolated house. An old, rambling, big(p) built house, this creates a scary atmosphere thus matching the distinctive setting of a gothic horror story. It goes on to describe the dining room as a, room in darkness, this also creates a scary and terrifying atmosphere because you cant see in the dark and you dont know whats in the dark, this also is an essential gothic horror element because darkness creates a creepy and scary atmosphere.The Tell Tale Heart is located in a house that is probably old as a lantern is used by th e narrator, this creates a scary atmosphere like the Judges House because you cant see in the dark and you dont know what is in the darkness so the indorser imagines things that create the scary atmosphere, for example, the reader may imagine evil creatures emerging from the darkness, or soulfulness suddenly jumping out from the dark surroundings. The Signalman is located in a railway station that is isolated which is gloomy and dark.This creates an intimidating atmosphere because isolation makes the reader think why it is isolated and the darkness as I said before creates a scary atmosphere. Also it refers to the place as being a great dungeon which is a typical setting of a gothic horror story. From the three stories I take on read, the mend in the story was similar, it is sincerely about good versus evil and because its a gothic horror story evil is supposed to win.The Judges House it is about a person called Malcomson who moves into a old house because he wanted to get on w ith his studies he was doing, in this house Malcomson gets disturbed by rats, especially one rat that was bigger and looked evil. Then one day he was killed by the judge that haunted the house, who was in fact the bigger and evil rat. This is a typical gothic horror plot because the good is killed by the evil.I think Stoker wrote the story well because he always throughout the story created a scary and macabre atmosphere by using descriptive words baleful eyes to describe a thing such as the rat which would produce a frightening image in the readers mind. I think Stoker did this well because his usual style is horror. This is a typical gothic horror plot because the good is killed by the evil. The Tell Tale Heart is about a crazy man who kills an old man because he didnt like the old mans eye.I think Poe wrote the plot as he did because his usual style is being a critic, so he put a bit of criticism in the story as the man killed the old man because he didnt like his eye, he thought it resembled that of a vulture. This also is a typical gothic horror plot because the innocent person (the old man) is killed by the evil person (the crazy man). The Signalman differs from The Judges House and The Tell Tale Heart because the evil doesnt kill the good or innocent this time.The Signalman is about a signalman who sees a ghost which warns him about something which is going to happen. The thing which the ghost warns the signalman about is his death, and then the signalman dies. This isnt really a typical gothic horror plot. I think Dickens wanted to create a mystery in the story as well as horror because his usual style of writing is mystery and horror, so he put mystery in because he is use to it. Characterisation plays a major fragmentise in all three gothic horror stories.In The Judges House Malcomson is studying mathematics and people who study are thought to have a more mature approach to the supernatural, this is why he laughs when Mrs Dempster, the charwomen, wa rned him about mysterious somethings I think Stoker chose this character because he would fit a typical character as he is a innocent and rational person, Stoker knows this because horror is his usual style of writing. Also Malcomson is a very intrigued in his studies, I think Stoker gave these characteristics in Malcomson because Stoker himself went to college and knows how studying is interesting and affects a young person.The judge, who is another main character, only comes in the story at the end, but at the end we also find out that the judge is in the story before the end as the big, evil rat. I know that the judge is evil because every time this big rat comes, all the other rats go because of its present. I also know its evil by how Stoker described the rat, baleful eyes, and these descriptions produced, an image in my head showing that it was evil. The judge meets the character determinant as he is the evil creature, he is like a ghost that haunts the house and he is describ ed in a certain way to make him look wicked and evil.

Manufacturing Processes Of Plastic Commerce Essay

Manufacturing Processes Of Plastic Commerce EssayPlastic is a major part of almost every industry imaginable. From food and drinkable packaging, to childrens toys, to automotive applications, m t emerge ensembleeable is all around us. Plastic is a versatile substantive which atomic number 50 be t passionrical roled for many purposes dep block offing on the specific properties. This score result explore the history of plastics, the manufacturing surgery, and what to expect from plastics in the future. For simplicity, we will look primarily at the twain of the main characters of plastics high density polythene, HDPE, and polyethylene terephthalate, positron emission tomography. These two types of plastic wel scrape up been the stairping st unitys for different plastic discoveries and their properties attri merelyed to the many bottle applications. There ar different memberes that correspond to each plastic type depending on the specifics of the end application. Quality defy and timberland assurance be vital to plastic companies. These departments provide the customer with the satisfaction of a well designed product, which is why it is so vitally definitive. There atomic number 18 other worrys plastic companies face on a daily basis over untold(prenominal) as change-outs, direct printing, stopping time, and shamed acceptables. These problems ar capable of setting a company stake from profit, and there argon solutions being made for each of these issues. Perhaps the biggest concern regarding the plastics industry instantly is about recycling and what is being d unrivaled to re part and conserve our natural resources and minimize the negative impact on the environment. Recycling needs to be face up head-on and the steps to re using up and minimize waste are explored in this paper.The History of PlasticsPlastics eat up always been viewed in two different ways. On the one hand, approximately view plastics as one of the most useful st rongs ever made, but on the other hand some see plastics are artificial, toxic, and bad to the environment. Plastic is a material that is engineered by men and mickle be shaped into almost any desirable form. They were designed in parliamentary procedure to change prominent products with an inexpensive yet efficient substitute. For centuries people study utilise natural rosins similar to plastic, but non until the mid-1800s, did the commercial development of plastics begin (Plastics 563). In 1862, the first man-made plastic was developed by Alexander Parkes. This plastic, known as Parkesine, was designed to be soured and yet retain its shape when cooled, in order to replace natural rubber (Masterson). Later in the decade John W. Hyatt developed a material to eliminate the need for ivory in the manufacturing of billiard balls. In 1870 the material was patented and named celluloid, and this was the first synthetic plastic to succeed commercially (Plastics 563). This plastic was a breakthrough, but did have a problem with being highly flammable. Other plastics would soon be invented to fix these problems and cover a wide variety of products. In 1909, Leo Baekeland patented a resin (a material made from acids) known as Bakelite which helped pave the way for the development of commercial plastics. Bakelite opened the door to scientists to begin to understand the chemistry of plastics (Plastics 564).All plastics blend in to one of two groups, thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics. Thermosetting plastics are plastics that are heated but can only be modellinged once. Since we are covering the manufacturing of plastic bottles, we will not deal with this type of plastic. Bottles are commonly recycled, requiring the reformation of a plastic, which is the definition of thermoplastics. The thermoplastic we are most interested in is polyethylene (PE). Polyethylene was first pretendd in 1933 and used on radar establishments during World War II to make them light enough for airplanes (Masterson). The rise of polyethylene go on afterwards the war and became one of the most used plastics in the world.In 1953, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was invented by Karl Ziegler and Erhard Holzkamp and used in the output of pipes (Gabriel). However, this material didnt reach success until 1956 with the breakthrough of the Hula Hoop. The toy led to the high commercialization of HDPE being used in pipes, which revealed the materials usefulness in the making of other products such as purifying and baby bottles (Ceresana Research).Another form of PE which will be of interest is polyethylene terephthalate (favourite) which was invented in 1941 by John Whinfield and James Dickson. positron emission tomography was generally used in clothing but began to see more use in the manufacturing of bottles (Bellis). Not until the early 1970s did coddle see use in plastic bottle manufacturing. Nathaniel Wyeth developed this bottle, by improving the method o f manufacturing the bottle through pouf stamp. Blow drawing was developed earlier in the 1940s but was inefficient because of inconsistent products. In 1973 Wyeth improved this method, leading to how bottles are currently made by stretch blow molding (Secrest).Plastics have evolved from a little known substance into materials completely facilitated in many areas of merchandise. Although the first substantial invention was credited in 1862, the general public didnt use the word until the mid 1930s (Masterson). Currently, in 2010, plastics have woven their way into many facets of manufacturing and production, yet these innovative breakthroughs have also brought many sunrise(prenominal) challenges.PlasticsTypesPlastics come with unique properties and colors. Their ability to be form into nearly any shape while maintaining their strength at a low cost makes them an ideal material for many uses. From piping to bottles, plastic is a very common and highly useful material. Not every type of plastic can be utilise in the same way as another(prenominal) type. Each type of plastic also has its own advantages and disadvantages.An example of the different characteristics of plastics can be seen when compare polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high-density polyethylene. PVC is a type of plastic a impregnable deal found in piping materials while HDPE is a plastic that is often used in bottles containing materials such as detergent. PVC is very rigid and suited to applications requiring weathering defense, inherent flame resistance, high gloss, lolly resistance, and low cost (Bryce 129). HDPE, on the other hand, has a good balance of chemical resistance, low-temperature, impact strength, light weight, and low cost (Bryce 122). Both materials are useful in their own rights, but some plastics are very much(prenominal) better than others at different tasks.Plastic bottles are generally made from three different types of plastic. HDPE is a material generally found in deter gent bottles, such as Tide or Gain. PET is a plastic often found in drink bottles. Lastly, polypropylene is a plastic often found in clear bottles with small handles, such as a hand soap re admit bottle. Each of these plastics has their advantages and disadvantages, which the industry is trying to overcome so that each plastic can be used more widely.HDPEHDPE is very commonly seen in colored, milky plastic bottles. A large advantage of HDPE in bottle making is its ability to be forgeed. For example, Tropicana orange juice bottles are a multilayered, allowing the orange juice to stay fresh longer by belongings the outside environment from touching the juice contained inside. This layering cognitive process is not limited to just this bottle (Knueve).In Tide brand bottles, there are 3 layers. The outer layer is made of virgin material, HDPE that has never been used before, and the color. The middle layer contains PCR, post consumer recycle, and regrind, which is the reground exces s flash that comes off other bottles. The inner layer, or the layer that touches the product is another layer of virgin material. This layering system allows the product to be stronger and also helps keep the product safer from the outside environment (Knueve). The main tenableness for layering however is to consume PCR and regrind while also maintaining a protective interface layer with the product. This can also allow the color (external) and internal layers to be much thinner. A typical detergent bottle is 15% outer, 65% middle and 20% inner (Hatch).If a material is sensitive to the outside environment or even oxygen, a six layer bottle is possible. Similar to the composition of the three layer bottle, the outside layer consists of the virgin material and the next layer is regrind. However, the next three layers is what helps give the bottle the protection to the environment. approximately environmental barriers do not bind well with the HDPE, so an adhesive layer essential be added to each side of the barrier layer. The inside adhesive layer is then attached to the sixth and final layer, which consists of virgin resin (Knueve).HDPE is a good material choice because it is a low cost plastic. Often made using a blow mold process, bottles made from high-density polyethylene often represent very good consummateance during bottle drop proves, a try for impact strength. HDPE also shows high low temperature toughness along with excellent resistance to chemicals and good electrical insulating properties (Lee 190). HDPE, also has some disadvantages as well. Due to the nature of the material, it has low clarity. Also, the neck dimensions are less accurate than that compared to PET bottles because of the blow molding process (Knueve).PETPET is often found in carbonated drinking bottles, such as Mountain Dew or plastic water bottles. PET bottles are often formed in injection blow molding, as opposed to riddance blow molding. This type of plastic incorporates s tiffness and good heat tolerance (Bryce 120).PET bottles are also very clear. When compared to an HDPE bottle, such as a milk container, you can easily tell which bottle is made from which type of plastic. Due to the injection blow mold process PET have neck dimensions that are much more accurate. Lastly, after a bottle is blown, the temperature drops much faster due to PET having much thinner walls, allowing less cooling time during manufacturing (Knueve). This also increases the rate at which you can realise PET bottles when compared to HDPE bottles.PET also has its disadvantages. The biggest and most obvious problem is that you are unable to blow a handle into this type of plastic. This causes issues when bottles become increasingly large, such as congius or larger sized containers. Recently, external handles have been produced which have created a solution to this problem .These external handles can be added during the injection blow mold process, or after the bottle has been blown. Examples of these types of bottles can be found in stores today on products such as Lipton Green Tea (Knueve).PolypropyleneA third type of plastic used in bottles is polypropylene which is mainly used in bottle clo trustworthys. Although not common in bottles, polypropylene can be found in products that resemble PET bottles, such as a hand soap bottle. A large advantage of this material is that it can resemble a PET bottle in its gloss and clarity, but can be formed with a handle (Knueve) using an extrusion blow molding process.Polypropylene also has good impact strength unless a low temperatures. Polypropylene bottles also have good chemical resistance, high abrasion resistance and high melt strength (Lee 194). These characteristics are very similar to that of HDPE, but in bottle drop tests, especially at low temperatures, a HDPE bottle will fare better and show more impact strength (Knueve). Each type of plastic has tradeoffs however. Although HDPE has more impact strength, it is very opaque and less shiny when compared to a polypropylene bottle.Plastic Bottle CreationThe first common step in any bottle making process is extrusion. intumescence is the process by which the plastic resin is mixed and melted. Similar to a meat mincer, plastic is fed from a hopper in certain predetermined quantities and is then melted. This process mixes plastic resin together to form a uniform mixture (Lee 103).Continuous puffiness Blow Molding (Wheel)Extrusion blow molding is a very common technique in the creation of HDPE bottles. The process of forming the bottle in extrusion blow molding is a five step process. First, the plastic resin is melted in the extruder and mixed. This melted resin then enters a die which forms the melted plastic resin into a liquefied hollow tube know as a parison. The parison is then fed into a mold which clamps shut. A blow pin pierces the parison inside the mold in a section of the bottle known as flash and high insistency air is inj ected causing the plastic to spread throughout the mold taking on the shape of the inside of the mold. After some cooling time, the piece is ejected and the flash is trimmed (Hatch). A multilayered HDPE bottle is achieved through the use of manifold extruders each feeding into the same die forming a multilayered parison.The rotary wheel and wench system are the two most common types of continuous extrusion blow molding. In a wheel process only a single parison is formed. The molds are mounted to a wheel and rotate around at a slow speed. As they travel past the extruder, the mold closes, encasing the parison. With the wheel, at any given moment, the parison is being captured, a part is being molded, a molded part is being cooled and a cooled part is being removed (Lee 109). Two major disadvantage of the rotary system is the complexity and setup of the clamp machine and the inability to produce adjust neck finishes (Lee 110). Later in the paper, we discuss how the speed of change outs is improving, allowing this type of technology to become more dominant.Continuous Extrusion Blow Molding (Shuttle)The shuttle system follows the same principles as the rotary system. However, the molds are kept on a track. Instead of one parison being produced, the shuttle technology produces as many parisons as there are molds (Hatch). When accepting the parison, the molds clamp when the molten tube reaches the proper length. This group of molds then moves quickly back to the blowing station after the parison is fire and a blow pin enters the mouth of the bottle forming the mouth of the bottle and then blowing the remainder of the parison into the mold cavity.Shuttle molds have a few distinct advantages over a wheel. The amount of flash produced in this method is much less because the parison length matches the bottle length. In a wheel method, the parison in-between the molds can vary because of the mold spacing around the wheel. Along with more efficient trim, a shuttle sy stem creates a calibrated neck, where as a wheel system needs to have a separate process done to finish the neck of the bottle (Hatch).Injection heat Stretch Blow MoldingInjection reheat stretch blow molding is often used for PET bottles. This technology is a two-step process. First, the molten resin is injected into a mold cavity which forms the threads, neck and body. This shape is then transferred to a different mold where it is expanded forming the shape of the bottle (Lee 124). The first step creates what is known as a forge. These preforms do not need to be used directly after they are formed. Using quartz lights, the preforms are re-heated until they are in a pliable state where a rod then stretches them wipe outward while a blast of high pressure air expands the bottle into the shape of the mold (Lee 124).Significant engineering goes into the design of the preform. The plastic distribution in the final bottle is obtained through the plastic distribution in the preform as well as selectively reheating the preform. The hotter areas after reheating will flow more producing thinner areas. Through the combination of preform design and reheating you can spread plastic to areas of the bottle that need extra strength and thin out areas of the bottle dont need the added strength. Typically the shoulder and base of the bottle have thicker areas to produce a bottle that can carry sufficient top load (Hatch).Injection stretch blow moldingThis process is normally considered a one step process because the preforms are produced in groups equivalent to the number of molds. This process is intermittent so instead of the preforms being manufactured and stored for later use the preforms are produced at bottom the bottle blower. This technology is much slower that the process described above but has several inherent benefits. The first benefit is that you can produce wide mouth containers without concern for the injection mold efficiencies. In normal injection blow m olding operations, the bottles have a smaller neck and some machines can create up to 144 preforms at one time. However, with a wider mouth bottle, there is less room to make each preform. Therefore, creating preforms to use at a later time, which is the reheat stretch blow process, it is much more efficient to blow directly after forming the preform. Secondly, because of the slower blowing speed this technology is well suited for smaller volume products where production better matches the demand (Hatch).Quality AssuranceQuality ControlThe traditional way to determine that the customer accredited an error free product is tonus check into testing. In this process the products that are already manufactured undergo certain tests to determine whether or not the products date the legal professions required. It is common in manufacturing that only a sampling of the products are tested not every individual item. In some facilities it would not be economical or efficient to test every single item so random samples must be used (Kalpakjian 1073). An example of a quality control test in the manufacturing of plastic bottles is to verify the thickness of the bottle walls at various locations. It would be difficult to legal profession the thickness at all locations using a caliper so an alternative is to slice the bottle into sections. The sections are cut using hot wires to ensure a clean cut and the bottle is always located in the same position in order to make sure the resulting sections are always the same. The sections are then weighed and compared with standard values to ensure that the plastic is spreading appropriately throughout the mold (Knueve). It is not expected that all sections would weigh the same since specific areas need to be stronger than others such bottle shoulder or bases. Automated inspection is another process that is very prevalent in the manufacturing of products. Sensor systems are designed that measure relevant parameters of the product s as they proceed through the production ancestry. Since the products are inspected during the manufacturing process any defective ones can be removed before they reach another manufacturing process (Kalpakjian 1070). The advantage to this is that time is not wasted performing another process on an item that has already been deemed unacceptable. A problem with this process of quality control is that there is always the chance that defective products could reach the customer.Leak TesterPlastipak employs multiple quality control stations throughout their HDPE production parameters to ensure that all the products that reach the consumer are of the highest quality. The main purpose of a bottle is to contain a liquid so naturally one of the most important tests along the production line is the leakage test. The bottles will be used to contain liquids but it would not be efficient to take the time to fill the bottles to capacity, ensure there are no leaks, and drain them. Also that meth od could lead to potential contamination and the need to completely dry the internal bug out of the bottle. The solution to this method is to test for leaks with air pressure. There are multiple nozzle heads at this station and a revolving circle is incorporated into the production line at this station. When the bottle reaches this station an air tight nozzle is applied to the opening of the bottle and air is pumped into the bottle until it reaches a certain pressure (Knueve). The revolving loop allows multiple bottles to be tested at one time to ensure production is not slowed. The bottle then proceeds through the loop and if the pressure holds the bottle proceeds defeat the production line. If the bottle does not hold the specified pressure the bottle is taken off the line after it exits the test station by a burst of air from a nozzle locate on the side of the production line (Hatch). In order to ensure that this quality control station is blend ining in good order it is peri odically challenged. Plastipak originally created calibrated bottles by drilling a small hole in the bottle. They recognized that not only does this create a waste of material but also leads to the chance that if the test machine is not functioning properly a defective bottle would reach the customer. The solution to this problem was to modify the machine by creating a leak of pressure (Knueve). When the test station is spillage to be challenged a solenoid is adjusted so that it leaks air which creates the drop in pressure which in childs play triggers the rejection of the bottle after it exits the loop. After the challenging of the test station is complete the bottles that were rejected while the solenoid was leaking can be run through the test station again eliminating the unnecessary waste of materials or adventure of the challenge bottles being shipped to the customer (Knueve).Label CheckerAnother quality control station on the production line ensures that the trails are cor rect and in the right position. As the bottles travel down the line they pass through a device that takes an image of the bottle with the label on it. The software in the station is designed to recognize that specific portions of the label are orientated at specific locations on the bottle (Knueve). Once again if the bottle does not pass this test an air nozzle is located where the bottles exit the station and a burst of air is used to remove the bottle from the line. Much equal the leak test station the label verifier must be challenged in order to ensure that it is functioning properly. Some defective label bottles are purposely sent down the production lines when the system is being challenged. Some examples that would be rejected are bottles with no label, skewed label, or the wrong label (Knueve). At Plastipak the tolerances are set so low that often the few bottles rejected in this station would still meet the standards set forth by the customer (Hatch).Spout VerifierThere ar e certain bottles that are manufactured at Plastipak that require exterior pouring spouts attached to them. The bottles travel down the production and the spouts are secured to the bottles with an adhesive (Knueve). The spouts must be orientated in a certain direction to allow the bottle to be poured properly. A test station is situated immediately after these spouts are applied. There are many sensors located at this station to ensure that the spout will function properly. One of the sensors monitors the temperature of the spouts before they are placed on the bottle because if they are not at the correct temperature it will not seal correctly (Hatch). at a time after the spout is placed on the bottle there is another set of sensors to ensure it was attached correctly. Two sensors located at specific locations measure to make sure the spout is orientated in the correct plane. A third sensor at the same location is used to make sure there are no gaps between the bottle and the spout (Hatch). Finally there is a sensor that verifies the spout is the correct color. When Plastipak challenges this station they purposely get down bottles through the station with spouts not positioned correctly or no spouts at all (Knueve). They also send bottles with the wrong color spout down the production line. The color recognition sensor is critical because they do not manufacture the spouts (Knueve).Process ControlAn alternative to a quality control system is quality process control (Quality Assurance). In a quality process control method the focus is shifted from the items produced to the processes that make the items. If the process can be fine-tuned to produce barely the same product consistently and correctly there would be no need to check that it is to specifications and defect free. In an ideal world the production lines could be set once to produce a perfect product not only today but two years later. The reality is that things such as equipment failures, variations in the material, or unauthorized adjustments among other things could lead to the production of defective items (Gordon 424). The solution to this problem is that the processes must be monitored to ensure they are being performed within acceptable limitations. All of the monitoring systems can be networked that allows management to easily observe whether or not the processes are being performed correctly which in turn tells them high quality products are being produced (Gordon 286). The system also has the ability to alert the operators when a process is not being performed correctly and in some cases actually shut down the production line if necessary (Gordon 287).The temperature of the resin right before the bottle is formed is an example of a key process that could be monitored. The obvious problem is that the products produced while the temperature is decreased more than likely will be defective. Another potential problem is that it could damage the molds and machinery only dow n the production line. If the company relied on the old method it would take the operator recognizing the error or it reaching a quality control station further down the line which would still require someone to recognize the problem and take action. In the new process control system the temperature drop could be easily detected by a thermometer and the line could automatically be shut down before a catastrophic failure. The quality process system would enable the company to streamline their production lines. Streamlining is eliminating as many activities from the production process that do not add value to the product. While the quality control checks are necessary in situations they do nothing to add more value to the product.Quality AssuranceIn the system of quality processes the quality checks that you perform actually turn into quality assurance. Since the process is being monitored to ensure correct items are being produced all quality tests that are being performed through th e production line are more out of a need of assurance compared to necessity (Hatch). The question is then posed why are the production line inspections still necessary if in theory every item produced in this system is defect free. The reality is there will always be a minute amount of variation in the products being produced. The variation could be from a range of things for example quality of incoming material or weary on the machines being used (Kalpakjian 1073). There are a multitude of benefits from putting the quality into the processes instead of waiting until the product is manufactured to be relate with quality. In the manufacturing of plastic bottles it will eliminate the amount of scrap and waste materials produced (Hatch). Also it will increase the reliability of the machines which improves efficiency that naturally leads to more profit. Most importantly quality process control will lead to an increase in satisfied customers (Gordon 573).Plastipak UsagePlastipak create d a system that integrates all of their process control methods into a single entity. When they first began developing the system their core goals were to simply obtain a deem of the bottles produced and the amount of downtime (Knueve). Plastipak realized that there was the potential to go a step further and monitor individual processes within the production line. A computer system was developed that allows management to view the status and work of many different components of the production from any computer with internet access. The system also has an automated email system that alerts the appropriate management positions when significant malfunctions issue forth or there is a period of extended downtime (Knueve). A few examples of processes that are monitored are air pressure, water temperature, plastic temperature, downtime frequency and length, and reject count at different steps (Knueve). The different test stations described earlier at Plastipak now are a means of assuranc e since the products produced meet the required specifications.RecyclingThe introduction of plastics into manufacturing and production has brought about a disposal problem. Being so successful, PET has attributed to this problem greatly. Since a large number of bottles are being produced, once used up these bottles create large amounts of waste because most plastics do not readily break down. These products usually were thrown away, but because of environmental concerns, active solutions were sought out. Recycling is one of the most pertinent actions taken to decrease the amount of waste created by plastic. It is a process designed to recover and reuse material, which helps conserve raw materials and keeps those materials out of landfills (Recycling 184). Instead of throwing away the bottles, people instead are encouraged to recycle them, in which case the bottles will make be used again in the manufacturing process of the same or other products. There are typically two types of rec ycled material used by industries materials that have been used by consumers and waste materials from the production process. However both of these materials can be reused in the production process in much of the same manner. These materials are usually separated by type and then broken down in different ways for reuse. Thermoplastics are re-melted and reformed into new products, or new bottles. Thermosetting plastics are usually grounded into powders or shredded, in which these are used for other products such as insulators in clothing (Recycling 184). Recycled PET was used in many other products until 1991, when the first PET bottle was made from recycled PET. This bottle was made by Coca-Cola and Hoechst Celanese Corporation and consisted of 25% recycled PET (Secrest). This coat the way for other measures taken to increase the efficiency of recycling plastics.The ProcessThe process of recycling PET and HDPE products has been refined and engineered to get the most use out of recy cled products. Typically the process is as follows1. All of the recycled products and waste are collected together and sent into large bales.2. The bales are shipped to where a bale breaker which rips aside the bales.3. The bottles are sorted by resin and color.4. These are shredded into tiny flakes.5. The flakes are cleaned and melted.6. The plastic is extruded into pellets which are used in the process of forming new plastics.This completes the process of reusing the recycled plastic, where the cycle starts over for the manufacturing of plastic products (How Plastic Bottles Are Recycled).Unfortunately, recycled PET encounters problems for the manufacturing process. Although the cycle is an advantage for the environment and limiting waste, recycled PET is typically more expensive to use and has lower quality than virgin PET. Recycled PET also is regulated by the FDA which creates more restrictions (Koester). Although it would be environmentally friendly to use more recycled materia l in each product, it is not the most efficient decision because there are limitations involved. One reason is that the recycled material is generally more expensive. The curbside programs designed to recycle materials are not available everywhere and completely adequate. If these programs could be improved then the materials price may decrease and the quantity may increase. Also, the product needs to have a balance of ingredients, because there are limitations to the amount of each ingredient. If a bottle was

Dependency School of Development: Summary and Critique

Dependency School of Development Summary and CritiqueIn this essay I address the claim that the habituation trail sees ontogenesis from a leash human creation perspective.1 I focus on two dependence theorists, Andr Gunder free-spoken and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, as a way to shew such a statement. First, I describe dependence scheme in a historical mount as well as in general terms, in order to clearly situate the school within 3rd knowledge domain discourse. Second, I examine the specific theoretical characteristics of hot dogs theories, and some of the criticism of it and how they relate to Third World issues. Third, I contend Cardosos scholarship in coition twain to the dependency school and to Franks research by emphasizing his theoretical divergence from orthodox dependency theory. Next, I comparatively discuss Frank and Cardosos theories in relation to an everyplace any discussion on dependency and development. In conclusion, I review the reasons why the depend ency school incorporates a Third World perspective, particularly a Latin the Statesn perspective.Throughout this essay I tint to dependency theory, yet I would kindred to point out, as Roxborough (1979) has sifted, that rather than viewing the notion of dependency as a specific theory or a theory of dependency it be seen as a paradigm (p.43).2 This is because there be many competing theories and definitions of dependency as well as s eeral historical intellectual shifts and revisions among dependency scholars (Hout, 1993). The dependency school of development is also variably referred to as the structuralist, foundation economy and underdevelopment schools (Bosch, 1997). It has its roots in theoretical debates discussing capitalism and Marxism (Gardner and Lewis 1996 Chilcote 1981 Roxborough, 1979 Frank, 1967). The earliest discussions emerging from the dependency school fag end be traced to the ECLA (Economic Com committee of Latin America), established by the United Nation s in 1948 whereby a radical group of scholars examined the inequities of North-South relations and trade. This enclave of scholars specifically foc employ on Latin Ameri discount issues and the paradox of why these countries so rich in natural resources are so economically poor.The need for the ECLA forum arose from an academic and governmental reaction to fightd the inability of Latin American countries to halt the imperialist siphoning-off of the surplus value produced by their playing classes, hence, the association of dependency theory with a Third World perspective (Johnson 1981, p. 58). The ECLA theorists argued that Latin American countries are subjected to an international system that manipulates and controls them from beyond their cause borders (Staniland, 1985). These ideas, moreover, offered a critique of modernisation theories that view less racyly- develop countries in terms of an evolutionary process whereby industrialization and economic development are seen a s stages that they must undergo in order to achieve higher(prenominal) in issues and living standards. In contrast, dependency theory views less developed countries as resulting from conditions generated by a broader global system of exploitation set within wider favorable and historical processes (Bilton et al., 1996).The theoretical debates surrounding dependency theory hinge upon the central idea that it is pointless to study the development of Third World societies in closing off from more developed countries. Debates further the notion that western capitalism in the industrialized human is built upon its ability to dominate and control the resources of non-industrial less developed countries and must thus sustain its dominant allele position to advance its own interests. The historical basis for such domination is the significant accumulation of capital that occurred during settlement and the industrial revolution. The continuation of such domination transpires through neo-c olonialism. As such, dependency theorists primarily focus on the political structures that shape the relationships between the First and Third World (Staniland, 1985).This main tenet of dependency theory is closely tied to what is widely refereed to as orbit systems theory, established by Immanual Wallerstein. In fact, world systems theory, is commonly viewed as an adaptation or extension of the dependency school (Chirot and Hall, 1982). Wallerstein (1974) views the world as an interrelated system, a world-economy, whereby each country is perceive in terms of its relationship to the whole. It is precisely through a world systems epitome that notions of First and Third worlds have materialized as a way to face the simultaneous differentiation and interdependency of distinct parts. Dependency theory suggests that the Third World is not natural, but created through economic and political processes(Gardner and Lewis 1996, p.17). Like dependency theory, world systems theory is a goo d deal criticized for being overly deterministic (Staniland, 1985).Two of the nigh prominent dependency theorists are Andr Gunder Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Frank and Cardoso are both ECLA scholars and associated with Latin American issues and the dependency school to the extent that they are often referred to as dependistas. Frank (1967) introduced the popular term the development of underdevelopment and wrote specifically approximately how the domestic, political and fond structure of Chile was and still remains determined first and foremost by the fact and specific nature of its participation in the world capitalistic system (p.29). His work also attempted to address a major gap in the ECLA discussions the role of class interests within Third World countries in creating cycles of dependency. To do this, Frank developed the notion of metropolis- send links whereby capitalism produces a developed center and its underdeveloped peripheries. He purported that the ties be tween metropolis and satellite can also represent links between advanced capital cities and their hinterlands. This metaphorical binary aims to examine the relationships between industrialised and non-industrialised countries. Although revisionist dependency theorists now refer to these as core-periphery relationships, this metaphor still forms the basis for many contemporary critiques of global capitalism. According to this view, the peripheries supply cheap raw materials and labour to the core. In return, the core supplies them with disused technologies, manufactured goods and debt. This results in peripheral economies being oriented toward the outside whereby resources flow toward the core and, in turn, continue to flow toward the more dominant economic interests of early(a) cores. Capitalism is seen to necessitate the core-periphery division for the efficient allocation of resources in favour of dominant countries. .Despite, Franks intentional focus on class interests, he di smisss questions of class formation and behaviour. In his analysis, the flow of resources between the divergent metropolis and satellite regions takes social classes as a given without specifically analysing their structures and roles in change to a system of domination. Hence, in Franks analysis, spatial relations are conflated with social class relations, a contentious point in criticisms of his work (Chilcote, 1981 Cardoso, 1972 Laclau, 1971). In other words, the shift of value from satellite to metropolis cannot always be viewed as an undistinguishable phenomenon to that of the exploitation of labour (Roxborough, 1979).Another point that elicit much commentary in Franks analysis of Latin American underdevelopment was his claim that Latin America has been a capitalist society ever since the sixteenth century. For Ernesto Laclau (1971), an Argentinian scholar, Frank had misread Marxs definition of capitalism and was thus mistakenly reducing capitalism to a mere equation of comm utation and enterprise omitting the equally important emphasis on modes of production. This was particularly important in regards to labour since, at that condemnation, much labour in Latin America consisted of slavery and debt peonage as well as other pre-capitalist forms. Laclau does not question the premise that at the cadence of colonization, market economies became tied in with those of First World countries his main point is that the participation of a country in a world economic system does not necessarily render it as being capitalistic. As such, he indicates that Frank confounds the production of commodities with the commoditization of labour, a criticism which led Frank to revise his work.3Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a Latin American sociologist who later served as the prexy of Brazil, draws ties between dependency theory and imperialism.4 Using the work of Leninist theories, Cardoso (1972) makes parallels with the dependency school over their mutual use of the term depe ndency and their shared observations near how imperialism furthers the capitalist agenda and necessitates economic domination over less developed countries.Cardosos analysis attempted to address those issues of social class that the dependency school had allegedly ignored. He looked at the social and economic as being inextricably tied together, stating, for instance, that an economic class or group tries to establish through the social process a system of social relations that permits it to impose on the entire society a social form of production akin to its own interests (ibid, p. 15). Cardoso went beyond the metropolis/satellite metaphor and the perceived asymmetry between First and Third Worlds by examining the political, economic and social links between the dominant local social classes within and between Third and First World countries (Cardoso and Faletto, 1979). For Cardoso, political institutions at a given moment can only be fully understood in terms of the structures of domination because these express the class interests can buoy political organization (ibid, p. 14). He thus envisi unmatchabled the capitalist economy as growing toward an internationalization in which societies become divided into antagonistic classes.Cardosos delineation of class interests between and within countries departed from the more deterministic model offered by Frank, seeing dependency as varying by degree and thus allowing for a more unconstrained view of international relations. Furthermore, by placing dependency into situation-specific contexts, his position is a more relativist departure from that of Franks. Most importantly, Cardosos perspective is optimistic about the possibility that dependent relations can transform over time. In fact, Cardoso (1973) argues that in some contexts development and dependency can actually be compatible. This is a clear departure from Frank and other dependency theorists who are often labeled as having a stagnationist view toward de velopment.Both Frank and Cardoso agree that exploitation from dominant states is a key in operation(p) factor in how regional economies develop but whereas Cardoso might focus on class interests, Frank will more broadly hold the forces of capitalism accountable (Bosch, 1997). In fact, Cardosos critics accuse him of not detailing the more general conditions and mechanisms by which global capitalism operates (Staniland, 1985). Whereas Frank is pessimistic about magnanimous and neo-liberal trade theorys claims to create equality and more fairly distribute resources and the access to them, Cardoso is optimistic.Although Cardoso accepts the basic premise of dependency theory as describing terce world countries as being conditioned by global agendas and constraints, he does not call for a socialist revolution, as does Frank, as a elbow room to remedy these problems.5 Yet Frank is also critical of his own former position that assumed that in order for Third World countries to achieve e conomic independence from the First World they could voluntary de-link themselves from broader economic systems thus controlling their own internal resources, such as raw materials and labour, to develop their own economies. Frank claims that down has given it to be extremely difficult, if not impossible for voluntarist political action to de-link particular countries from the world economy (Frank, 2002).Undoubtedly, as I discussed previously, the intellectual roots, vitality and coat of dependency theorists have fostered around Third World issues and debates that, in turn, have greatly influenced development studies at large. I would make the lawsuit that even more specifically, dependency theory is also distinctively Latin American.6 First, its origins emerge from a believe tank focused on Latin America as a region. Second, its main proponents are Latin Americanists of which many are also Latin American nationals. Third, the application and analysis of the dependency school o f thought has been on Latin American development. Fourth, its popularity among Latin American scholars and policymakers has made it an important intellectual school of social thought within Latin American academia and politics. Through Latin American intelligentsia, such as Cardoso, dependency theory has even entered mainstream Latin American politics. Overall, Latin Americanists have used the main arguments of dependency theory to stress how the structural climate of the world economy shapes Latin American economies. As such, through dependency theory, they have strongly influenced the international scholarship on development. In conclusion, the dependency school, unlike other development perspectives, distinctively represents a Third World view.The debates inspired by the dependency school have given persona to a Third World perspective, in terms of focus, point of view and representation. As I have shown, there are equally as many excellent expositions as there are criticisms of Frank and Cardosos studies and the dependency school at large (Smith 1981). What is significant is how these provocative and critical debates ultimately link upon broader themes that, like the dependency school itself, address expansive global, economic, political and social issues.ReferencesBilton, Tony et al. (1996) Introductory Sociology, 3rd edition. London, Macmillan.Ahiakpor, James C.W. (1985) The success and failure of dependency theory the experience of Ghana. International Organization, 39(3), 535-552.Bosch, Gerald R. (1997) Eric Williams and the moral rhetoric of dependency theory. Callaloo, 20(4), Special Issue Eric Williams and Postcolonial Caribbean, p 817-827.Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1972) Dependency and development in Latin America. new-sprung(prenominal) Left Review, 74,83-95.Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1973) Associated dependent development theoretical and practical implications.In Alfred Stephen (ed) Authoritarian Brazil Origins, Policies and Future. New Have n, Yale University Press, p.142-76.Cardoso, F. H. and Faletto, Enzo (1979) Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley Pergamon Press.Chilcote, Ronald H. (1981) Issues of Theory in Dependency and Marxism. Latin American Perspectives, 8 (3/4), dependency and Marxism. 3-16.Chirot, Daniel and Hall, Thomas D. (1982) World-System Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 81-106.Frank, Andr Gunder (1967) Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America historical studies of Chile and Brazil. London, Monthly Review.Frank, Andr Gunder (1984) Critique and anti-critique essays on dependence and reformism. New York, Praeger Publishers.Frank, Andr Gunder (2002) Interview. In Practical Strategies For Social And Economic Development. Aurora online (Simmons, Tony). February 2002. Available from http//aurora.icaap.org/gifs/frank.gif Accessed July 7, 2005.Gardner, Katy and Lewis, David (1996) Anthropology, development and the post-modern challenge. London, Pluto Press.Hout, Wil (1993) Capital ism and the Third World development, dependence and world system. Aldershot, Edward Elgar.Johnson, Carlos. (1981) Dependency theory and the processes of capitalism and socialism. Latin American Perspectives, 8 (3/4), Dependency and Marxism, 55-81.Kleemeier, Lizz Lyle. (1978) Review Empirical tests of dependency theory a second critique of methodology by Vengroff, Richard. The diary of Modern African Studies, 16 (4), 701-704.Laclau, Ernesto (1971) Feudalism and capitalism in Latin America. New Left Review, 67, 19-38.Roxborough, Ian (1979) Theories of Underdevelopment. London Macmillan.Smith, Tony (1981) The logic of dependency theory revisited. International Organization, 35 (4) 755-761.Staniland, Martin (1985) What is political economy? A study of social theory and underdevelopment. New Haven Yale University Press.Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974) The modern world system capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world economy in the sixteenth century. New York, Academic Pre ss.1Footnotes1 The analytical categories of First World, Second World, and Third World are used to make a distinction between the different levels of economic development among nations/states.2 The dependency school is similarly also refereed to as a perspective (Kleemeier 1978, 701).3 Frank (1984) later interconnected Laclaus criticisms, which strongly influenced the direction of his future work, particularly in his volumes on world capitalist hi chronicle.4 Cardoso also served as the President of Brazil from 1994 through 2002.5 Frank has revised his former position that once assumed that significant political change could free any people from these economic and historical determinants. (Frank, 2002)6 I am not imp dissimulation that dependency theory is exclusively debated around Latin American issues, see for typeface Kleemeier (1978) and Ahiakpor (1985). apocalypse presently An Anti-War capacityApocalypse Now An Anti-War MessageThe 1979 cinema Apocalypse Now was created in a n extremely deliberate and thought out fashion by Francis Ford Coppola. There is a purpose behind how he filmed and what he filmed. Each edit, go, shot, sound, transition, and lighting technique was filmed in such a way in order to convey meaning. The cinematic tools that Coppola utilized in the making of Apocalypse Now encouraged the American public viewing the film to take an honest look at how state of war is really conducted. Like many other delineations created about the Vietnam War, such as Platoon and Full Metal Jacket, Apocalypse Now has an anti-war message within it. This attitude is a shift in the way the American public had viewed war, since usually they were very patriotic and supportive. By making films that raise up issues regarding war, directors were taking advantage of the already troubled public and challenging them to look deeper and question the way in which they had previously viewed warfare and the preparation given to spends for it. The film techniques allo wed Coppola to condemn military recruiters as well as army officials who did not properly prepare and condition soldiers to withstand the psychological affects of warfare. His method of filming also displays a critique of politicians who jurisprudence warfare for political expediency. In this paper, I will discuss how Coppola used cinematic tools strategically in his film Apocalypse Now to show warfare for what it truly is and the effect on soldiers that combat had in order to inspire society to re-evaluate and change its attitude towards war.Apocalypse Now is a film that follows captain Benjamin Willard on his second tour in the Vietnam War. When the film begins, it finds Willard in a hotel room in Saigon, Vietnam waiting for his next mission. In this chance, Willard offers a unknown picture of his first tour in Vietnam and expresses how desperate he is to return to action. In the following scene, Willard is sent for by army officials and given his next mission which is to loca te and murder Colonel Walter E. Kurtz, an American green beret who went rogue, created his own army of native Vietnamese people and subsequently appointed himself as a god over them. To complete his mission, Willard is accompanied by four soldiers who do not know the purpose of his mission, as it is classified information. On their expedition to find Kurtz, Willard and the clump come across Lieutenant Colonel Kilgore, who commands them to take part in a brutal and merciless round down on a small Vietnamese village. As Willard and his crew continue on their journey upriver towards Kurtz, they attend a Playboy show, massacre a crew of Vietnamese fishermen, and fall under the surprise assault from natives on shore. When they at long last reach Kurtzs camp, Willard is taken captive by Kurtz and forced to listen to Kurtzs philosophical concerns at length, for days. Upon being set free, Willard enters Kurtzs private rooms and fulfills his mission, finally killing Kurtz. When the nativ es realize that Kurtz has been killed, they bow to Willard and accept him as their new leader and god. However, Willard passively rejects the role of their leader by taking the remaining member of his crew, embarkation their boat, and riding away from the native camp as the film ends.Within the film, there are various scenes that show the chaos, uncertainty and absurdity of warfare that often leave soldiers in a state of psychological trauma long after their time in combat. As a result of this story being told through the medium of film, Coppola is able to use cinematic tools he would otherwise not have had at his disposal. There are two particular scenes in which the tools he employs help to convey the significance of the scene with more impact. These two scenes are the spread scene of the movie and the scene known as call up of the Valkyries. These scenes and the tailfin cinematic elements employed in them, will be the focus of this paper.In the opening scene of the film, Copp ola employs elaborate editing techniques in order to show the phycological damage that Willard has been suffering from since his first tour in Vietnam. Although the focus is obviously only on the character of Willard, Coppola means for this to be a display of what happens to the nous of any soldier after returning from combat, where their minds are in a state of psychological turmoil. The scene shows a green, peaceful treeline in Vietnam and then shows it exploding in flames as numerous helicopters fly close by (Apocalypse Now, 00110). The film then transitions from this image in a smooth fade away to Willard lying in his hotel room (0 03 55). As the transition continues, it shows Willard take a long drag from a cigarette as the jacket fan above him rotates turbulent and loud. The fade in this scene is significant because of its smooth transition from one picture and place to another the helicopters in the scene with the trees make an near identical sound to the ceiling fan and t he propeller of the helicopter looks like the ceiling fans blades rotating in Willards room. The way Willards cigarette lights up has the fading image of exploding fiery trees in the background. The editing is magnificent. It is clear from the scene, that the explosions and helicopters are memories from Willards first tour in Vietnam. The images of the blown-up trees cut and edited into the images of Willards tortured face in the hotel room portray a man who is really struggling with what he has experienced. While most memories fade over time and details are forgotten, victims of Post Traumatic Stress turnover often remember their traumatic experience vividly and the same way every time they think about it (Vees-Gulani 55). For many, it is not even that they are computer memory but rather they are living in a continual present and an endless present (Vees-Gulani 55). The memories that Willard cannot escape from, from his first tour, are persistently intruding on him (Vees-Gulani 6 2). For him, something as mundane as a ceiling fan materializes into a combat helicopter and the burning of a cigarette is an explosion. Often throughout the movie, it seems as if Willard is one of the only men still sound of mind, but the first scene with its masterful edits to Willards first tour flashbacks clue the viewer in on the fact that Willards PTSD made him bound in the timelessness of warfare (Vees-Gulani 89). For the viewer to fully appreciate the genius of Coppolas use of editing in this scene, one must recognize that PTSD is an illness that plagues the victim relentlessly and constantly. By displaying this scene and these ideas in one seamless transitional edit, Coppola is indicating to the viewers that soldiers who return from war may look somatogeneticly unscathed, but that does not mean they are not haunted and harmed by their experiences in combat.Another technique utilized in this first scene is that of lighting. Coppola strategically uses it in order to set a ce rtain mood and feel for the scene. As Willard lies on his bed, he looks at the ceiling fan, which is black and yet there is a slight flicker of light from the fan. It catches the viewers eye and helps to create a more ominous scene, really prominent the viewer a feeling for what was happening within the scene. It is fascinating that something so small as a flicker of light can add so much insight to a scene and enrich ones overall understanding of a story. In a captivating interview with Apocalypse Nows production designer, doyen Tavoularis, Tavoularis described how the films cinematographer Vittorio Storaro purposely choreographed the lighting cues on many shots to add an extra level of significance to scenes and that the speck of light in the opening scene from the fan was one of such times (Gentry 96). He described how the flicker of light in this scene is like an irritation, an insect, an element that gets across to the viewer and adds to the hugger-mugger scene to help displa y the psychological trauma that Willard is dealing with. The flicker lasts for hardly a second, but it was intentionally put in at that time to help further the story and its message. Attention grabbing, this cinematic tool is used to its fullest potential in this scene.The symphony in Apocalypse Now is also a cinematic technique that Coppola capitalizes on. Coppola deliberately chose the song This is the End to critique the sentiments preached by many of the benefits one receives when they serve in the army in order to ignore their societal duty to look after the wellbeing of veterans. Coppola is criticizing the way in which soldiers are prepared, or in from his standpoint under prepared, for war and how upon their return from combat, with their physical and mental scars, society neglects them. The song This is the End begins slow with pleasant guitar and a soft melody. The song fades out for a bit but then plays again as the scene transitions to Willard intoxicating himself in h is hotel room (00558). However, when the song fades back in, it sounds dramatically different. The guitar has picked up speed, the tempo is faster and the singer screams, Fuck Fuck me. As the songs intensity increases, the scene shows Willard strip naked, cut himself and cry uncontrollably. Coppola used the feeling given off from the crazed music to increase the intensity of the scene. He uses the music almost as a metaphor for a soldier in their war experience. The soldier starts off by being told the war will award them with flavorlong skills, such as loyalty and respect. However, they are not equipped for the psychological and emotional suffering from being in combat, the effects of PTSD, or the high suicide rates amongst veterans. The music starts out slow and pleasant but they soon find out on their own that the music changes, it is not predictable, it can become violent. Using music as a cinematic tool in Apocalypse Now, Coppola presses Western societies to stop romanticisin g the idea of war.Towards the close of the scene, Willard is bleeding and cry on the floor of the hotel room (00716), and the viewer can hear the song This is the End playing but cannot hear Willards crying. The silence of Willards cries is a message as well. The unheard cries of Willard can be seen as the unheard soldiers upon their return from war. They come back from combat scarred physically and mentally. Their minds cannot rest, they are never completely at ease and the constant suffering leads many to turn to destructive substances, like alcohol and drugs, just to escape from their own minds for a time. This is not a case of one veteran but rather a horrible trend that occurs to many, and it can be seen as a clear sign that they are name out for help. Yet, it seems that Western society chooses to close their ears to their cries. The Music in the scene is used to send a message from Coppola that he condemns Western societies who promote war but deafen themselves against the c ries of the soldiers suffering, which they helped to create. Coppola is highlighting how there is a great need for honesty about what effect the army can have on ones life before soldiers are enlisted and how adequate resources are needed for their recovery when they return from combat.In the scene known as March of the Valkyries, Lieutenant Kilgore orders an air attack on a Vietnamese village. It is in this scene that Coppola uses the tool of camera shots and angles to showcase to the viewer the absurdity and violence that soldiers endure during warfare. It is clear from the contrasting shots that Coppola used that he wished viewers would re-evaluate their opinions on war and question politicians inclination to engage in war. Coppola uses close-up camera shots in order for the viewer to feel as if they are in the sequences in the March of the Valkyries scene. As the helicopters approach the village, the viewer is privy to a conversation between Lieutenant Kilgore and a soldier name d Lance, an expert surfer, as they discuss the different types of surfboards they prefer (03620-03655). The absurdity and backwardness of this conversation at that time is dumbfounding. They are in a helicopter that is about to attack and kill an entire village of Vietnamese soldiers and innocent civilians and yet, the Lieutenant does not review the battle plan with his crew or tell them to resound on what they are about to take part in. Rather then do any of these normal and judge things, he is instead choosing that particular time to talk about one of his favourite hobbies. The only people in the frame of the shot are Kilgore and Lance, from their shoulders up, making the viewer feel as if they are part of the conversation as well. This is a strategic tool use by Coppola to get his audience to understand the soldiers who have these mundane conversations at foreign times and how these interactions skew with the soldiers sense of morality. It becomes clear that the soldiers have a hard time dealing with the guilt of murdering entire villages when it is equated to regular past times by their officers. The contrast of what they are going to do in the scene and what they are discussing is made evident through the cameras close shots. It is another example, by Coppola, of how army officials do not prepare soldiers for warfare since they make it less serious and make the consequences less harsh with conversations such as the one Coppola zooms up on.Another example of a shots that Coppola uses to showcase the absurdity of war it close to the end of the March of the Valkyries attack, is when he shows two long shots. The first is of rockets and ammunition hitting the water, ca using five enormous explosions of water to shoot up (04455), and the second is of napalm bombs being dropped on the village, producing a huge fire (04855). By zooming out on this shot, Coppola is showcasing the violence and devastation of war in all its totality as well as the beauty of natur e. The blending of the beauty and the destruction enters the soldiers awareness, making them bound and recoil in horror and at the same time exclaim, Its really exciting, man (04500). The contrast can add to soldiers mixed feelings about the war, morally and emotionally. Its exciting and incredible and its also terrible and monstrous. These long shots are used by Coppola to show that when you zoom out fighting for ones country seems brave and brave but up close it can hurt the soldiers in ways that are ignored by society.The camera angles that are used in Apocalypse Now are also used by Coppola to critique war and its effects on soldiers. Kilgore and his helicopter unit land by the shore as the March of the Valkyrie battle ends. As they all try to take cover in a ditch, Kilgore stands above ground in the open and shouts orders. (04602). The angle that the camera shoots Kilgore at is at level with the soldiers in the ditch, so it is as if the viewer is in the position of the soldi er. He is shown to be glorious leader that none of them would disobey, even if his command seems insane such as when he says, If I say its safe to surf this beach, Captain, its safe to surf this beach (04710). During war, it is expected that soldiers will obey their commanding officers without question. There are times when this is absolutely necessary, however it can also lead to issues with trust. In an instance where a soldier witnesses his officer commanding a fellow soldier to do something that in turn leads to his death, the soldier may have issues trusting the judgement of his commanding officer. When officers in leadership positons, and by extension, the politicians who declare war, are given all knowing and godlike statuses among soldiers and society, it can create psychological trauma for soldiers and questions of faith within big society. The camera angles used by Coppola are to put the viewer in a soldiers shoes and to understand that leaders should not be seen as all k nowing and all powerful and that it is important to question their choices before accepting them.It is clear that Francis Ford Coppola used many cinematic techniques in Apocalypse Now in order to convey to society that they must re-evaluate their views on war and be more considerate of the soldiers who have been hurt physically and mentally by it. The way in which he cut and edited scenes showcase the trauma that continues to haunt soldiers even after they return from war. Lighting is also used as a technique to further this message. The use of sound in certain areas and not in others is employed to accuse society of turning a cover eye and a deaf ear to the veterans who do not receive proper rehabilitation upon their return. Another technique Coppola used was to zoom in or out on specific camera shots to display the absolute absurdity of war and the effects that has on soldiers. Lastly, Coppola utilized camera angles to encourage society to think for themselves and never trust a l eader without first questioning their true intentions, especially in the context of war. These five cinematic elements help to tell the story of Apocalypse Now in a way that a figment never could, since it is not just a film with a captivating dapple but rather a movie in which cinematic techniques force the viewers to reconsider some troubling societal issues.ReferencesApocalypse Now. (1979) . Retrieved March 20, 2017, from https//solarmoviez.to/movie/apocalypse-now-6743/74126-8/watching.htmlGentry, R. (2010, Winter-Spring). Dean Tavoularis. Post Script, 29(2), 93+. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ps/i.do?p=EAIMsw=wu=yorku_mainv=2.1it=rid=GALE%7CA247223175asid=3fccc0d830aca85bdf6a33f51c16a1bfI found this source to be very helpful in my understanding of the movie Apocalypse Now since it is an interview that addresses not only the movie, but also some of the cinematic techniques used to create it. The interview covers a variety of topics about the fil m like plot, symbolism, character development and the tools used to showcase all of these ideas in the best possible way. Although I did not end up using many quotes from it, I found that it expanded my knowledge of the way in which the director and those who advised him chose to portray certain scenes. This source backed up the most essential of points for my essay, that everything Coppola did was deliberate and in order to draw the audiences attention to certain things.Vees-Gulani, Susanne. Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim A Psychiatric Approach to Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five. Critique Studies in contemporaneous Fiction 44.2 (2003) 175-184. Retrieved from http//literature.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/searchFulltext.do?id=R01664027divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ftI found this source to be incredibly useful on the topic of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Soldiers. The source is an analysis of an antiwar novel in which the author wrote about their own experiences in World War II. I found that many of the points that were made about this man and his novel also applied to the soldiers in the film Apocalypse Now. When discussing PTSD and how it feels for an individual, it really seemed to be in complete conjunction with the way Coppola portrayed Willard in the opening scene of the movie. This article helped me to see the techniques that Coppola was using were in order to show PTSD as realistically as possible.

Research Proposal On Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

Re search Proposal On Global Warming Environmental Sciences EssayThis look paper explores the issue of international heating and the shift key precaution that the skeptics atomic summate 18 receiving in the fresh past. This paper foc engagements on the global heating plant as defined by the scientists and the skeptics point of views in the debate. The skeptics of global heat atomic number 18 attracting attention from the everyday while gaining a respect from the modality scientists. Despite the skeptics calling for a sharp role back to political and industrial sources conception to contribute to global warming the climate scientist ar playing defensive and are not backing down either. The add-ond momentum in the shifting of the public views over the past years have led to controversy over whether global warming is real or not and whether human activities genuinely contribute to its occurrence. research ha shown that the acts of skeptics of global warming is changing t he view that people have on the issue regarding global warming and increasing number of individuals are a strong to confide on these skeptics and it might lead to compromised efforts in curbing the menace.This research get out provide and in-depth analysis of twain(prenominal) the scientific and the skeptical views regarding the causes and set up of global warming on the planet earth and the survival. It testament focus on the views of various skeptics that seem to be shaping the thoughts of the public which play a critical role in preventing advertise global warming. In addition to that the result of this research pull up stakes help the environmental scientists to strategize on dealing with the skeptic ideas which jeopardize the efforts being put into curbing the causes of the global warming for instance in terms of public education. finally the research will yield information on whether the global warming is really ca apply by human activities as climate scientist claim or its just a hallucination as claimed by the skeptics.Literature ReviewGlobal warming is described by climate scientist as a phenomenon that contributes to increase of temperature which is near the earth move up as well as in the oceans which started in the mid-twentieth century and its has been projected to be a continuing process. Assessment done by intergovernmental panel on climate change has shown that global service temperatures has been increasing and its attribute to various reasons which include increasing concentrations of the greenhouse gases which are caused by the human activities like the importunate of fossil fuel and deforestation (Mintzer, 129). The green house gases nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor, which traps the heat and like from the sun in the earth atmosphere which in turn serve to increase the temperatures which affects humans, animals and plants. Interruptions resulting from climate change when tolerance take of the living organi sms is exceeded leads to death e.g. extreme high and low temperatures causes extinction of less full(a) species.Global warming as been argued to result to a rise in the global temperatures which in turn leads to a rise in the sea level as well as altered patterns of precipitation thus expansion of the subtropical deserts. In addition to that the change lad to retreating of the glaciers, sea ice and the permafrost in the polar regions, increase of extreme weather events like cyclones, erratic rainfall and dry spells, extinction of species and changes in the agricultural yields whence affecting human survival. Finally the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to much acidic oceans a phenomenon predicted by climate scientists to continue.Projections derived from climate models indicate that the global draw near temperature is going to rise further during the 21st century. These projections are marred with uncertainties as estimates from these models were obtained from models with differing sensitivities to greenhouse gas concentrations and use of varying estimates of the future concentrations of greenhouse emissions.The climate scientist have a consensus that anthropogenic global warming is an occurring phenomenon but the political as well as the public debate rages on whether that consensus is actually true or false. This debate has been in the recent past intensified by the increasing skeptics of the global warming who have gradually changed the scientific perception of the public on the issue of the global warming. legion(predicate) people in the world question whether global warming realty exist or not and if it does exist, what are the reasons of its existence. But the fact is that there has been an increase in the surface temperature of the earth in the past century from 0.45 to 0.6 and believers of the global warming mental picture that its the warming is a proof of tits existence but skeptics believe that the warming is just a natural phenomenon a nd it should pose no worry at all. The debate takes a very interesting angle as both skeptics of the global warming and its believers have a valid scientific data that proofs the justification of each side of belief.Skeptics of the global warming have a belief that global warming is not an environment problem and think that the recent increase in the earths temperatures does not causes whatsoever alarm.In addition to that skeptics of global warming also belief that the earths polar caps and coastlines does not show any signs of disappearing in the near future. They have a strong believe that the models that climate scientist use to proof the occurrence of global warming and predict its effects are misrepresented and go further to argue that the models prediction showed that the effects of global warming was to more adverse in the last century than t actually was. Skeptics also argue that temperate increases has been occurring and fluctuations are widespread through out cartridge clip even before the widespread emissions of the carbon dioxide that climate scientists link to be the root cause of global warming. Skeptics of the global warming argue that the models sued to predict effects of global warming are entirely based on facts hence ca not be trusted.Some believed that climate change is part and dowery of the planets cycle which has taken place before. Bellamy states that the sun is growing old and is becoming warm than before, its spots do affect the earth by warming it up and subsequently the atmosphere. Other natural activities or rather processes deemed to cause global warming include out gassing, solar radiation, microbial activities, variation in sea salinity are much responsible for global warming while anthropogenic impacts are negligible. Nicola summarizes all these by saying, At least 60% of warming the earth observed from 1970 seems to be induced by natural cycles which are present in the solar system.In addition, skeptics of global warming a re of the opinion that the projections about global climate are likely to be inaccurate due to inadequate of current models about global climate changes, although it is not stated whether or not the values are high or low.According to Richard, (11 and 12) he holds that there have been an increase in average surface temperature, increase in carbon dioxide level which is a greenhouse gas with the potential of warming up the earth, but he further said that we cannot confidently coin the past change in climate to carbon dioxide and similarly, we are not cap up to(p) of predicting future climatic conditions. The argument here is that if the increase in carbon dioxide emission warms the earth, at present, the earth could have been warmer. The same is echoed by Garth who said incase there is an increase in emission of the gas so that it is large enough to be recognized, it is not yet fully accounted for/answered.Skeptics of the phenomenon, global climate change, have challenged these view held by the majority on the basis of the pursuance that global warming that stimulates GCC is actually not taking place, the causes of global warming is purely a natural process and man has not played any part and if yes the impacts are negligible, some say that the causes of the phenomenon is not known, the negative implications of global warming are few compared to the perceived accrued benefits, and the accuracy of instrument used to project issues relating to climate are deemed questionable. Despite these two contradiction opinion about global warming, those on both sides opt to carry out more studies in order to substantiate their claims and facts. For instance, it is important to correlate carbon dioxide emission and global warming as well as developing global climate change models that are of fewer errors (Nikkhah, 96).Although there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have risen in the recent past, there are those who are of the opinion that global c limate change is not as serious as the way it has been put. The accounted causes of global warming among others include high solar intensity that keeps increasing, oceanic circulation cycles, biosphere impacts, change in ultraviolet radiation, volcanism, reflectivity, variation on earth rotation, changes in solar systematic, change in galaxy positions and anthropogenic effects. The effects of the phenomenon being rise in the sea level, melting of arctic sea ice, rise in sea-surface temperatures, melting of glaciers and permafrost, prevalence of heavy down pour trail to flooding, desertification due to extreme drought conditions, increase in average surface temperature which affects human health, increase in strength and absolute frequency of hurricanes, increase in frequency of heat waves and acidification of sea water as well as change in ecosystem.Research methodologyTo carry out this research the methodology to be employed will focus on obtaining the ideas and views from the pu blic regarding the debate on the global warming. The manner in which the research is conducted will employ both the soft and quantitative methods and bring out clearly the entire mechanisms involved in collection of data, analysis as well as in the interpretation of the research results. Both secondary and primary sources of data will be used to obtain the information from the public on their beliefs on the issue of global warming. The data required will also be collected using the secondary sources and case studies will be utilized in soliciting for relevant information. The data obtained will indeed be analyzed and presented using charts and tables where appropriate (Gleick, 90).To ensure that the data required for the research is obtained to ensure that it addresses the objectives as well as the research question, both secondary and primary sources will be of great help. The types of primary sources to be used in the research include conducting interviews, issuing of questionna ires and personal observations. After obtaining authorization from the relevant authorities, the questionnaires will be distributed to the randomly sampled public and collected at a later date. Use of questionnaires ensures that a larger population is covered at a time as they are distributed to different participants at same time. The secondary sources used include the use of the internet source like online publications, the subroutine library sources like books, journals and research dissertation to obtain blended information on global warming and past research findings and reports from organizations.Finally the information obtained in the celestial orbit will then be analyzed using the non parametric a statistics and this is done after filtering, modeling and transformation process. The analysis of the data will then yield information necessary for drawing conclusions and recommendations. In addition to that descriptive statistics will also be utilized in analyzing the data es pecially in description of the sample under study. In order to for the significance differences of the hypotheses and research questions a T-test is carried out (Stern, 201).Use and dissemination of research findingsThe findings of this research paper will be of great benefit to various stakeholders engaged in conducting public education regarding the causes and the effects of global warming. Information from the research will play a critical role in identifying the options and views that the public have on the controversy surrounding the existence of the global warming hence they will be able to target in changing the stated views to garner their effort in curbing the menace. Ina addition to that research finding will be used by students and researcher who are interested in the debate and may also be used to elaborate on the issues especially on the part of the belles-lettres review of other future projects. Another use of the research findings include increasing understanding on the concerns of global warming by the public hence acting as a resourceful source of information (Watson, et al, 124).The research findings will be disseminated using various channels like posting and publish then in the online resource centers to be accessed by internet users across the world and hard copies will be printed as a dissertation to and distributed to libraries to be accessed by anybody interested in the obtaining information on global change.

The Concept of Tyranny in Literature Essay -- Tyranny Plato John Locke

The Concept of Tyranny in Literature All social contr comprise theorists and classical thinkers understand tyranny to be someone (or government) with unrestrained effect that is unjust or unfair to the body, it governs. They each share some views about the effects of tyranny but they have various views on the preventions and the circumstances that give rise to tyranny. In the end, Locke has the most effective ideas as opposed to Plato and Hobbes. Although, they are all equally great minds, based on the democracy that Americans hold true, Lockes analysis can be the only logical means of proposed prevention.The first author, who takes particular concern with the concept of tyranny, is Plato in his exit the The Republic. He perceives tyranny as a dictatorship and the dictatorial man (Porter 84) that evolves from democracy (Porter 84). Circumstances that appear to give rise to tyranny, according to Plato, would be the dainty wine of liberty (Porter 84) that seeps into the houses of man and breeds anarchy, such as in democracy. The deal become slaves to the excessive servitude of keeping liberty with no restraints and rulers are unable to act without restricting someones liberty. These rulers are incapable of properly ruling because they cannot trample on the liberty of their subjects, or they will become considered foul oligarchs (Porter 84) and this upgrade generates anarchy through the lack of rules and punishments the rulers can place on the city. It is the people who elevate one man as their champion above all others (Porter 86) and at first it is a good society because he does not claim to be a ruler but freed people from debt and redistributed the land to the people (Porter 86-87). This create... ...ll effective today, with laws to keep power from consummating in one area, on the Locke theories. It is much more realistic because Platos view is a society that is not acceptable by the people, especially not allowing the guardians to keep their own children, to eliminate the idea of inheriting rights, and our basic principals of society have transformed since his time from hierarchy, harmony, and mutual province to equality, competition, and self-interest. Hobbes is also not appropriate because his cynical attitude towards men is not appealing to society and the sovereign aspect is not suitable in a democratic nation. Locke proves to be the most effective in todays government and nations across the world because we have our separation of powers to ensure that the accumulation of power in the government never occurs, and our voting system to ensure equality.

Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay -- School Reform, Education Re

Would you change your school? Would you go to a mystical school instead of a overt school? Or to a public school instead of a common soldier school? Private and public education is divergent in many ways such as their performance, enrollment, and the over only education taught but yet they have somewhat similar teachers.Students performance in public and private schools differ a lot. Private schools often have better grades and test scores. It is proven that kids who go to a public school and attend a private school perform better (Williams 17). Student performance varies but the advantage would in all probability have to go to the private schools.Teachers in private and public schools atomic number 18 similar yet have some differences.There are nearly 2.7 million teachers and other faculty members in public schools (Klieg 22). There are about 400,000 teachers and other faculty members in private schools (Klieg 22). Of all these teachers only about 71% of private school teac hers are certify where 97.4% of public teachers are licensed (Williams 61). That makes the public teachers sound good, but there is also this little fact that theyre leaving out. Public school teachers arent even qualified to be teaching the subjects that they teach a lot of the time (Williams 46). Perhaps this is why the private school savants are doing better than the public school students are. Or maybe it is because the average student to teacher ratio is better than public schools. This ratio is 17 students to 1 teacher in public schools where it is 14.9 students to 1 teacher in private schools (Williams 46). A good reason why private education is made out to be so much better than public schools is non necessarily because of the teachers, but the way private schools are able to hand plump each one of their students (Phillips Internet). Most likely they are going to pick the richest and smartest students they can. Why the richest and the smartest? Well if they pick the ric hest students its going to help the school financially. While the smarter students make the school and their teachers look good. So all in all teachers are all pretty equal besides maybe a few differences. How about teachers and their salaries? Teachers who are getting paid less are probably going to do a worse job right? WRONG Private school teachers are usually paid about 12,000 dollars less than public school teachers ... ...ver child they want into their school. Who know, but it seems that public education can and needs to be improved maybe slightly more than private education.Is notes really the answer to everything? Some may think that their school does not have enough money and thats why their students are doing so poorly. exclusively more than likely money doesnt play such a big part in the academic achievement of the students in school. For example bran-new Jersey is rated number 1 in terms of money per a student but yet theyre rated 29th in the basic student achievemen t (Williams 192). So before you blame your poor education on insufficient funds next time stop and think of these little facts. So whats this saying? Maybe money is not the answer to everything.So therefore private and public education is similar to an extent. However they do destine many differences also. As shown they were different in their performance, enrollment, and the overall education taught. Private and public schools dont have that much in common, but are their things that they do have in common but just didnt get mentioned? Yes there are many more topics that are similar and different that we didnt get into.