Community Teaching Experience Paper Essay

It was merely a decade ago that the obesity epidemic was thought to only be a minor problem and had only alarmed a small number of endocrinologists interested by the size of the situation (James, 2008). However today, the problem of obesity is vast with more awareness of its presence by doctors and individuals alike. In fact, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention states, â€Å"More than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of U.S. adults are obese (CDC, 2014)†. These numbers are outrageous and eye opening, leaving millions looking for a solution to this troubling epidemic. Obesity is not simply a cosmetic flaw as some might think, but is actually a very dangerous state of being for any individual to sustain long-term. Mentioned further in this paper, obesity leads to several debilitating diseases and disorders such as, type 2 diabetes. The teaching summary provided offers an understanding into the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes as well as information given to assist those who currently struggle with obesity. Obesity is not simply an inconvenience or a cosmetic issue but a very dangerous and potentially deadly circumstance. In fact, one source explains, â€Å"Obesity-related conditions include heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer, some of the leading causes of preventable death (CDC, 2014)†. Although obesity is preventable and reversible, it is not easy for most to do. The task of sheading unwanted pounds is not entirely determined by will power alone, defeating cravings and the decrease in the metabolic rate that complements weight loss are also factors (Skolnik & Ryan, 2014). The fact that will power is not the single factor in weight loss, this task is very difficult to achieve, especially with life stressors involved. The teaching summary includes diet and e xercise recommendations as well as information on weight loss surgery. The relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes’ existence has been scientifically proven and continues to remains a real threat for millions. The recognized meaning of obesity, globally, is centered on body mass index (BMI), and is a superior connection of total body fat than body weight alone, particularly on a populace basis (Skolnik & Ryan, 2014). According to one source, â€Å"†Over ­ weight† is defined as having a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 and â€Å"obesity† applies to patients with a BMI >30.0 kg/m2 (Skolnik & Ryan, 2014)†. As previously stated, obesity has a high likelihood of leading to  co-morbidities such as type two diabetes; but what you may not know is how. Having excess weight, especially belly fat, makes the insulin our bodies produce resistant to fat cells. Therefore, our bodies are making the insulin and because of the adipose (fat) cells, the insulin cannot find the receptors. Furthermore, insulin resistance is due to hered itary, environmental influences and saturated and trans-fat high intake, obesity and an inactive routine (Servan, 2013). Once the insulin is unable to find the receptors, our bodies are no longer able to regulate glucose (sugar) consequently, our blood sugars rise causing havoc in the body over time. Individuals may ask the question, â€Å"Why not just lose the weight?† Unfortunately, for many, simply losing the weight is not a hop, skip, and a jump away! However, weight loss can be achieved through, diet modifications, exercise, or possibly weight loss surgery as a last resort. Quantifiable studies have credibly presented that lifestyle change is the greatest approach in the deterrence or suspension of type 2 diabetes. For overweight and obese individuals, a slight weight-loss goal of 5-10% can considerably decrease the diabetes threat (Servan, 2013). Weight loss surgery is also an option for those who feel they have tried everything and still yet struggle. Weight loss surgery is not a â€Å"quick fix†; its recipients must also change their diets forever. The teaching power point was pre sented in a group setting with other nurses as well as bariatric patients. I felt that it was important to teach the information to other nurses so that they could go and teach others afterwards. During the presentation I was very nervous and dislike speaking in front of crowds; I feel I did well simply because I am passionate about the topic. My own evaluation of the experience was overall a positive one. The information presented to the audience was over thirty-minutes, several individuals had questions, primarily regarding the weight loss surgery. However, the next time a teaching experience such as this one is conducted, I feel that a measure to test the audience would be beneficial. I feel like a fun group quiz or a trivia game would have been valuable in testing the audience’s knowledge. The only complaint I have is the time restriction. I had thirty minutes to present an introduction and the power point and feel I could have went more in depth if given more time. Overall, I feel this teaching experience was a success. The community response was a mixed one. I delivered the power point as planned and about  half of my audience turned out to be really focused on obtaining more information regarding weight loos surgery. Although I provided information in the power point about weight loss surgery, it was not my focus. Answering questions, to the best of my knowledge, about weight loss surgery took up a lot of my time. I did not have the â€Å"know how† to get the presentation back on track after the weight loss surgery slide. However, I did have a lot questions from the audience regarding the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes that I felt very comfortable answering. Although I did not have a means of measuring the audiences’ knowledge pre and post presentation, I feel the presentation was effective in teaching about the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes, and how to prevent such co-morbidities with obesity. As for my thoughts on improvement, the provider, as well as myself feel I could have used more eye contact while presenting. The daunting task of speaking in a group setting is nothing less than terrifying. However, I feel like I could have made more of an effort to make eye contact and be more engaging. As previously stated, a pre and post quiz would have been helpful in determining the effectiveness of the teaching. Although the crowd appeared appreciative of the knowledge, I have no way of knowing wheatear or not the audience actually learned the information. The provider complemented my on the variety of information I provided, as well as my confidence in my knowledge. I do agree that I feel adequately knowledgeable on the topic of the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes however; I feel that if I would have shown more eye contact towards the audience I could have displayed further confidence. The provider also mentioned that I had a keen attention towards the sensitivity of obesity. I personally do not feel inclined to dislike or disrespect any population for any reason whether they be a different race other than my own, extremely short or tall, or obese. The provider also complimented my thorough explanation of disease process in easy to understand way of explaining. Explaining medications and disease processes in non-technical language, or easy to understand ways of explanation is important to ensure the patients understanding. As a nurse, it is sometimes easy to forget that we know medical terminology only because we have taken courses to teach us this as well as working in the medical field. The patient may often times feel inferior to the medically educated professional, leaving the patient to  agree to understanding information when in reality they have no idea what you are saying. My goal as a nurse is to help anyone and everyone I can, through education and encouragement. I realize that change, whether it be smoking cessation, losing weight, or increasing activity; changing our routine that we are comfortable with is not easy. However, if it is harming our health, change is necessary. Health care providers cannot make anyone change but what we can do is educate on the harmful effects of what the patient is doing and provide encouragement. More importantly is to provide a non-judgmental atmosphere. The patient will be more willing to listen to the nurse’s education as well as have trust in that nurse when they feel like an equal and are not being judged. References Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014, September 9). Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Data and Statistics: Adult Obesity – DNPAO – CDC. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html James, W. P. (2008). The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. Journal of Internal Medicine, 336-352. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9ede2d6d-4d02-42e9-aff7-dd9b2486a3c3%40sessionmgr4004&vid=8&hid=4203 Servan, P. R. (2013). Obesity and Diabetes. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 28(5), 138-143. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=11&sid=57543655-ca3d-4380-8d2c-28a71d3ce225%40sessionmgr110&hid=120 Skolnik, N. S., & Ryan, D. H. (2014). Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Assessment of Obesity in Adults. Journal of Family Practice, 63(7), 3. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=57543655-ca3d-4380-8d2c-28a71d3ce225%40sessionmgr110&vid=8&hid=119

Million Dollar Baby Film Essay

In the film ‘Million Dollar Baby’,directed by Clint Eastwood is mainly based around the theme of how the important characters as vehicles to convey the theme familial love and support. This is shown when the theme is set up through Maggie and Frankie having broken relationship with their families, but it was resolved when they came together. Having familial love and support is important to an individual’s wellbeing. Without love, humans become isolated and unsatisfied. Therefore, by coming together, they express a similar familial love although they are not biologically related and experiences this fulfillment in life. The characters from the film demonstrated the beauty of this relationship. Eastwood successfully conveyed the idea through various visual and oral techniques. Throughout the film, secondary characters also supports the success of the protagonists to show family support is essential for the main character to achieve their specific goals. Eastwood conveys the idea of the importance of familial love for Maggie, in â€Å"Million Dollar Baby†, through the relationship between Maggie and Frankie, her boxing trainer. Maggie and Frankie, both have broken relationships with their own families but the resulting emptiness is filled when they came together. Maggie does not want to live in a dysfunctional family as her family cares little for her well-being. Her plight is summed up in the quotation when the audience is told that she wants to escape from her miserable life, â€Å" I’m 31, Mr. Dunn, and I’m here celebrating the fact that I spent another year scraping dishes and waitressing which is what I’ve been doing since 13. My brother’s in prison, my sister cheats on welfare by pretending one of her babies is still alive, my daddy’s dead, and my momma weighs 312 pounds. The only thing I ever felt good doing was boxing.† Although Maggie saves up enough of her prize money to buy her mother a house, her actions are not appreciated. Her mother berates Maggie for seizing her welfare payments and Medicaid benefits. Frankie’s support provided the energy for Maggie to succeed in her career. In Frankie’s situation, he was alienated from his daughter for an unexplained reason. This is shown when Frankie’s letters along with his pain comes back to him with‘ Return to Sender’ written on them. Frankie expresses the pain of rejection through his facial expressions. Lighting was used in the film to portray this. Dim lighting was used whenever Frankie appears. His face was made barely visible with many shadows, one side being darker than the other. This technique of the different shades on the character’s face symbolized the two sides of Frankie’s life. The darker side symbolizes the terrible past of his life while the brighter side symbolizes the bright future Frankie will share with Maggie. Dim lighting on the returned letters is also used to express the sad mood in the scene. The letters are on the ground forcing Frankie to bend down to pick them up, which symbolizes his daughter’s rejection and his distant relationship with he r. When Frankie says to Maggie â€Å" I made many mistakes in my life. I just want to prevent you from doing the same† it demonstrates his regret. This shows the relationship progress between Frankie and Maggie. He wanted to redeem himself by finding a ‘replacement’ daughter-Maggie. In â€Å"Million Dollar Baby†, Frankie’s life changed because of Maggie’s entrance. They each had personal needs due to the lack of familial love so personal fulfillments developed to satisfy each other. Both Frankie and Maggie have a lack of familial love therefore, as they meet, a non-biologically related love and support develops. Two examples of dialogue stand out in particular showing the development in their relationship. Maggie said: â€Å" You’re gonna leave me again?† ,Frankie replied, â€Å" Never† and when Maggie expressed â€Å" I’ve got nobody but you, Frankie.† Frankie answered with a definite answer of â€Å"Then youà ¢â‚¬â„¢ve got me.† Eastwood used both dialogues to express the same idea of that strong bond between Frankie and Maggie that has developed throughout the film. Frankie is the only one who helped and supported Maggie through her victory as he saw her as his own and wanted to make her the best by training her harshly which can be seen as another type of love. Maggie sees boxing as one important part of her life and does not want to give up. Finally won by her determination, Frankie accepts Maggie by making an agreement between them. Frankie then slowly shapes her into a viable fighter. The other technique used to show her success was lighting. The lighting used at the beginning of the film was dim and dark indicating the dark sides of Maggie’s life. When she succeeded, it changed into a very bright background. The brand, Everlast, on the speed bag was used subtly to show Maggie’s determination. She used this support to work hard to change her life and be successful for once in her life. It all paid off when she was standing inside of the boxing ring. Without Frankie’s support, she might have never dreamed of that day. The theme of familial love and support plays a significant role in the film â€Å"Million Dollar Baby†. It is shown through Frankie and Maggie’s development of familial love due to their dysfunctional family. Familial love and support was also conveyed by the secondary characters supporting the protagonists as they express care and support to each other. Familial loves is shown as a complex idea in the film as biological love fails and another form of family is reconstituted. The audiences also learn that love is a powerful force that can transform families and provides fulfillment in the lives of people and to be successful in life, you have to have love.

Deadly Unna Summary

Blacky is a gutless wonder? Deadly Unna? Essay Gary Black, also know as Blacky lives near the coast of South Australia with an extended family of eight siblings. His father, Bob Black, believes Blacky is a ‘gutless wonder’, consequently that leads Blacky in believing his father and is not able to show confidence in his self. Despite what he believes, his actions don’t always show his gutless. ‘My own son a gutless wonder’ Bob Black’s thoughts on his son puts a strain in their relation, causing them to have disrespect for one another.Bob’s thoughts also let Blacky to believe his gutless, in all, Blacky really gets frustrated, affecting his confidence and believe towards him self. ‘The old man is right, I’m a gutless f****** wonder’ Blacky continuously tries to prove to his father and him self that his not a ‘gutless wonder’ because that was the worst anyone could be in his town. ‘I really wanted him to go to the grand final. I don’t know why maybe I wanted to show him that I wasn’t so gutless’ though, it was hard for Blacky to prove him self when his father wasn’t around ‘Except for the old man, of course. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead†As usual the was down at the pub’ Blacky’s father never got involved in Blacky’s live and never shown any interest ether ‘The old man wasn’t too interested in footy. The only advice he gave me was, make sure you come off the ground exhausted’, furthermore he forgets his sons age, ‘I’m fourteen’ ‘That’s what I said, isn’t it? ’ Despite the negativity Blacky was surrounded in he could still find a way to stand up for him self, even though he didn’t know it.A number of times, Blacky thought that he couldn’t do something, what ever the situation might be, but at the same time he didn’t let his fear over take him, showing great confidence that grown as time went on. One Example was at his footy grand final at Wangaroo, Thumper’s home ground. At first Blacky thought he couldn’t do it although he also didn ’t want to let the team down and more importantly him self. In the end Blacky didn’t run away and remained on the filed, helping the team to win the grand finale and getting the tackle from thumper, which showed loyalty for his team and huge courage.While going to footy training, Blacky also gained a great friendship with an aborigine called Dumby Red. At first, Blacky knew that they won’t destine to be friends because the Aborigines, also known as the Nungas and the Europeans, Goonyas were separate from each other. Blacky lived in the Port and Dumby lived in the Point. Both Dumby and Blacky didn’t have a lot in common and won’t expect to because the town was racist about the two different cultural believes. Although they were a lot different, Dumby didn’t care and became great friends with Blacky. More Summary of Devil at My HeelsAs their friendships grow, Blacky’s views towards the racism of the aborigines changed and didn’t fill comfortable about the racism by the locals. Blacky starts to see his town through different eyes and starts questioning some of the things he uses to accept, like racism jokes, exclusions and stereotyping. Even though, in Blacky’s town not many Goonyas were friends with Nungas, Blacky didn’t care what others thought about him having a friend with an aborigine, their friendship built in the gap that he had between the Nungas and the Goonyas.Many people in Blacky’s town were involved in racism, but hardly anyone tried to fix it. It took great courage to accept that he was wrong about racism and don’t care to be mates with Dumby, furthermore trying to help the town see his way. That had shown a lot of guts. Every one in Blacky town was involved in racism, but because the lack of people wanting to change it was h ard for anyone in fixing it, though that didn’t stop him in trying.Blacky particularly felt guilty about the graffiti around his town ‘BOONGS PISS OFF’ and because he was a great friends with Dumby, he didn’t fill comfortable that the graffiti was there and wanted to fix the problem ‘I’m getting more and more ashamed’ Blacky realized he shouldn’t wait for someone else to paint over the graffiti and should do it him self. Blacky risked in fixing the relation with his father by getting his best paints and brushes to paint over the graffiti, which took a lot of guts if you wore afraid of your father.After Dumby pasted away in a shooting, Blacky was devastated and felt really low, so he wanted do some thing to remember Dumby which took great courage to ask people to remember some one who they wore racist to. In the end Blacky found him self surprised and disappointed that know one wanted to help him remember his best mate Dumby, they wore ether to afraid of the aborigine’s reaction if the they went to Dumby’s funeral ‘But I don’t think you’d be welcome.It’s for people out there at the point. It’s their business, not ours’ or they didn’t care. Despite people thoughts to Blacky’s idea that wasn’t enough to change his mind. Blacky rejected Cathy’s invitation to her go way party, which took huge amount of guts because he really liked her and he also rejected his father’s fishing trip, were Bob Black gave his son another chance going fishing with him. Blacky was finally going to do what he thought was right. ‘I didn’t care what anyone said.Tomorrow I was going to Dumby’s funeral’ and it took huge amounts of courage for a Goonya to go in Nungas territory, were Dumby was buried ‘The point Aboriginal reserve- No entry without prior permission’ At the beginning of the chapter Blacky was afrai d of his father because he was unpredictable, for instance when they went fishing, one minute he was all calm the next he would be frustrated and yelling at Blacky. Consequently, Blacky chanced his thoughts about his father and stood up to him when he yelled at ‘you’re trying to kill us!You hate us’ but then his father banned him for ever going fishing with him and that he was a ‘gutless wonder’ Though when he was given another chance to go fishing with him, Blacky rejected his invitation and went to Dumby’s funeral, where he believed he had to go and pay respects to his mate, making a courageous decision. Blacky also took his fathers best paintbrushes and paints to paint over the racist graffiti, even though he was afraid of his father and knowing he treasured his paints and brushes.Has time past he wasn’t afraid to tell his father what he thought and believed, showing great strength within. As you progresses through the story Deadly U nna? You find Blacky leaning to standing up for him self through out the year, instead of standing on the sidelines. After becoming great mates with Dumby, which is another courageous thing to do when the Nungas and the Goonyas are racist towards each other, Blacky begins to see his town through different eyes and start questioning what he use to accept as funny jokes. Blacky realizes that he houldn’t sit and wait for others to do his work. He finds him self standing up to his father so he could do something thing about the racism towards the Nungas by erasing the racist graffiti in town. Blacky shows great amounts of courage by not caring about being friends with an aborigine and great amount of guts in going through town and see if anyone wants to help him in doing something to remember Dumby, after his mate got shot and despite all the rejection from every one else he still went to Nungas territory for Dumby’s funeral.So, according to Blacky’s actions and per sistence through out the book he shows more guts then any one, even though if he didn’t know it at the start. Do you think anyone knows if their courageous in the beginning? I think a person has gut and is courageous when they do what’s right, something that Blacky had done through out the book. The novel has a lot of racism in it. Many people are involved in racism, but hardly anyone tries to mend it. Gary knows racism is around, but because of the lack of anyone wanting to change it, he finds it difficult to mend it.Dumby also tries to fix it from his point of view. The Aboriginal community also doesn’t want to fix the problem. Gary and Dumby’s family try to make changes but they are not on a very large scale. Most of the adults are racist. Not all of them know that they are racist; the only one mentioned was Darcy, because he says that they are all sluts with the clap. The butcher that wrote the racist graffiti on the wall is definitely racist, and Gar y knows that he is racist. Racism takes many from in the story; five aspects in the novel are racial jokes, racial abuse, racist people, exclusion and stereotypes.

Agreeing and disagreeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Agreeing and disagreeing - Essay Example Michael Pollan and Mary Maxfield are among the many trying to educate the population on eating habits and diets. They seem to have completely different opinions on food as displayed in their articles, escape from western diet and resisting the moralization of eating. However, applying both their theories is a good option for anyone seeking to adopt better eating habits. I completely agree that people need to adopt eating habits that benefit their bodies. Healthy diets emphasize on low fat, low calories, whole grains, vegetables and fruits. Foods containing high levels of added sugars and salt, and cholesterol cause the body more harm than good. However, over indulgence on whole grain, vegetables and fruits may have negative effects. They also contain fats, sugars and cholesterol. Hence they might cause obesity or over weigh. Therefore, the intake of healthy food should also be controlled. This is by serving controlled portion sizes on plates. Adopting a healthy eating plan is necessary. However, it should be a gradual change as oppose to an abrupt change. Abrupt change leads to failure because any mistake triggers a slide into the old eating habits. A good eating plan involves eating all meals of the day in moderation. Eating foods that impact negatively on one’s health is unwise. Given a choice of right or wrong, every person is able to make their choice with adequate reasons. Mary Maxfield states,’ Trust you. Trust your body. Meet your needs (Gerald and Birkenstein, 11).’ It is quite easy to agree with her. Ultimately, each person makes a decision on their preferred food. If a person chooses the wrong food, they realize. However, if they prefer to eat it no one can stop them. Michel Pollan states three rules,’ Eat. Eat less. Eat mostly plants (Pollan â€Å"In Defense of Food: An Eaters Manifesto† 137).’ The 3 rules are reasonable. It is inevitable to eat, hence he encourages eating. He then moves on to caution people on

Nonreligious bases for nonviolences Research Paper

Nonreligious bases for nonviolences - Research Paper Example n in use for a long time, mainly by pacifists and non-pacifists, as a means of acquiring a social change and expression of resistance to any kind of oppression. In the past, the thought of non violence had made large numbers of people think and had attracted many followers. However, most non violent forms or cases have been in response to events of violence (PPU, n.d.). Non violence has usually been dived into two distinct parts or methods. The first one is the abstention from violence on religious grounds, while the second is the actions of people who neither start nor respond to any type of violence. Such kind of behavior has usually been linked to pacifism and abstinence of violence on grounds of principle (Riff, 1990, p. 166). Historically, western belief had an idea that non violence is something which can only be practiced by the educated masses, but this had been proved wrong in India, where the followers of Mahatma Gandhi were largely the poor farmers and uneducated masses (G regg, 1959, p. 184). In the following pages the various forms of non violence, apart from religious grounds, have been discussed. Also discussed are the contributions of some of the greatest preachers of non violence in the history of mankind. In this paper, the discussion has aimed to show how historically non violence had persistently fought the various types of violence on grounds which were not related to religion and the various forms of non violence prevalent in the world. The discussion also shoes how great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King had contributed to world peace through their non violent methods. Various cases of non violent action have been found in many countries over time, but it was only in the 19th century that non-violent action started to take different names and forms. The term ‘strike’ as devised at he beginning of the nineteenth century in the United States of America and it meant an organized form of stoppage of work or withdrawal of

European Convention on Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Convention on Human Rights - Essay Example However, the legal precedent regarding the applicability of human rights to aliens and immigrants in deportation hearings largely excludes Article 6 from applicability based on the rulings that these are administrative hearings and not criminal trials or charges. Despite the fact that fundamental human rights are being decided and discussed in immigration and alien extradition proceedings, the courts have allowed little extension of the ECHR in this realm of legal practice. Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights additionally sets requirements for a public hearing and announcement of the verdict, while accepting that this can be retrained in certain instances of â€Å"the interest of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the inte rests of justice.†2 The procedural safeguards found in this section of Article 6 have been determined to be not applicable to administrative decisions, based not on any of the reasons stated therein, but rather in the jurisdiction of the proceedings for the expulsion, deportation or extradition of aliens. In this regard, the current state of the law can arguably be said to be based in outmoded aspects of identity that are inconsistent with globalized society and modern forms of mass-transportation. Populations and economies are much more dynamic in the 21st century than in the early era of modernity when the rights of sovereignty of nation-states and the fundamental rights of individuals were first developed into human rights accords. Human rights are designed to protect fundamental liberties of the individual against intrusion by the State in recognition of the inalienability of the stated rights. Thus denying them by fact of the temporary â€Å"alien† status of the pe titioner or a jurisdictional element of law seems to point to the circumvention of the intent of the founders in this instance. Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights also states that, â€Å"everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: (a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him; (b) to have adequate time and the facilities for the preparation of his defence; (c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require; (d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him; (e) to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court.†

Case study on neisseria meningitidis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On neisseria meningitidis - Case Study Example It is a human specific pathogen and is gram negative and aerobic in nature. The bacterium is enveloped with a carbohydrate capsule that is covered with polysaccharides attached to its surface. The chromosome of neisseria meningitides has a chromosome 2.0 and 2.2 mega base and contains about 2000 genes. According to CDC (2012)â€Å"Neisseria species, such as N. lactamica. The organism has both an inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane, separated by a cell wall’ the outer membrane contains several protein structures that enable the bacteria to interact with the host cells as well as perform other functions. When the meningitis progresses it invades the subarachnoid space of the brain and thus cause inflammation of the meninges. But before this enters this space, they multiply significantly within the blood stream. According Klee (2000,pg .2083-95)â€Å"Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the nasopharynx, from which it can seed the bloodstream before crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to cause meningitis†. The meningitis is diagnosed with the help of conventional and real time PCR assay which can detect bacterial meningitis pathogens. The PCR technology is used typically to detect the causative agent in a suspected case of bacterial meningitis. The assays concurrently works on the DNA extracted from the clinical specimen or isolate. As per Bennett (2008,pg.1764-65) â€Å"PCR-based assays for the rapid individual detection and identification of meningococcal serogroups 29E, X, and Z. The ctrA gene, exclusive to meningococci and forming part of the capsule biosynthesis locus, was chosen as the PCR target†. According to NHS(2013) â€Å"The Hibergene Meningococcal LAMP assay by HiberGene Diagnostics Ltd. is a molecular test for rapid diagnosis of meningitis or septicaemia caused by Neisseria meningitides (meningococcal). It can be used on samples of blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid†. The HiberGene Meningococcal LAMP assay uses loop-mediated

Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Report - Coursework Example Communication can only be successful and effective, it has to be two way. Therefore, this implies that a good manager should not only be a good orator but also a good listener. This means that it is not only the managers who would be the cause of communication breakdown in the organisation but the employees as well. Employees need to have the confidence to share any concerns they may have concerning the running of the organisation since in the end they also have some stake in the performance of the organisation. The aim of this report was to identify the possible causes of lack of communication in the organization, and from these propose possible recommendations that could ensure better management, and greater and better communication between managers and the staff. Fear makes the staff feel the urge to protect them. In such a case, they are likely not to be open to sharing any interests or thoughts pertaining to their work in the organisation. Consequently, this will result in subdued communication in the organisation. This makes it hard for the staff in the organisation to work towards attaining the goals and objectives of the organisation. Inevitably, the organisation will suffer and lose its competitive edge in the overly competitive market. According to the egalitarian theories of leadership, everyone at the place of work are equal and need to be treated like so. This will ensure that the employees feel free enough to easily share their views. In an instance where the members of the organisation lack any form of commitment to the achievement of the goals and objectives, they tend to slack. They will not have the drive to perform well or do their assigned work to the best of their abilities. The staff will barely focus on what it takes in order for the organisation to success. The result of this is normally lack of communication. According to Douglas McGregor’s Theory Y of management

Portfolio Investment Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Investment Theory - Essay Example At portfolio balance theory national and foreign assets are imperfect substitutes; market participants are holding both types of assets at equilibrium. Macroeconomic shocks are affecting expected returns of national and foreign assets and changes relative asset demands. Assets markets are balanced with a change in exchange rate. Current and capital accounts surpluses/deficits are among the most important macroeconomic shocks affecting relative asset demand. In portfolio balance theory a sterilized sale of foreign currency denominated bonds by Central bank creates an excess supply for foreign currency denominated bonds and an excess demand for domestic currency denominated bonds. For market to come to the equilibrium price of the domestic bonds must rise and price of foreign bonds must fall. That means that domestic interest rate must fall and foreign interest rate must rise. Domestic currency must appreciate in order to equalize real returns on both assets. (Kereya, I. 2002) Rational investors would tend to choose more value over less, and usually prefer to limit and minimize their risk. There are many optimal portfolios offered by dealers and brokers on the forex market that an investor can utilize to support his goals. Over time a balanced portfolio, by diversification, helps to increase investors' chances of success.These portfolios are formed by bringing together groups of assets in different proportions, and then setting out to ascertain the resultant amount of risk and returns associated with each group of assets.A balanced Portfolio investment approach assumes imperfection in assets that are denominated in foreign and domestic currencies. Investors in the foreign exchange market should be able to diversify their investments between domestic and foreign assets, based on the amount of risk and the returns expected. Sterilized intervention in forex alters the relative supply of foreign and domestic funds available, and investors tend to rebalance th eir portfolios, since exchange rates can be affected due to fluctuations in the relative supply of foreign and domestic assets.A balanced Portfolio investment Strategy also aims to achieve the right combination of growth, risk and income for investors that want a management approach that is conservative, and which includes bonds, stocks, and cash. Another channel of sterilized intervention impact in the foreign exchange market is the noise trading approach. Noise traders are traders that utilize statistical or technical analysis in order to forecast the future price of a given asset. unlike traders who consider the fundamental value assets before and buying or selling the assets, These traders try to identify a price trend and also consider the behavioral pattern of fellow traders, using these as a source of information. This though, can lead to a rise to the tendency towards herding. It is also possible to use sterilized foreign exchange intervention to disrupt short-run trends and this might affect the decisions made

Choose one example of a real protectionist policy that has been Essay

Choose one example of a real protectionist policy that has been implemented by the government of some country and discuss the is - Essay Example Under non-automatic licensing requirements importers need to approach authority for the pre-registration and pre-approval of all imports into the country (USTR, 2012). Over time, rather than eliminating these measures, Argentina brought almost 600 items that include textiles, consumer electronics, bicycle parts, glass, metallurgical products and many more under the ambit of non-automatic import licensing procedures from February 1, 2012. The new requirement served two purposes: firstly, discouraging importers with lengthy and expensive customs procedures and secondly, strengthening domestic economy by supporting local producers. This has impacted many countries worldwide including European Union, the US, Japan, Mexico for they will not be able to export goods to Argentina. Arguments for Setting Such Policy It is important to note that Argentina, apart from being a WTO member, is also a member country of the Mercosur Customs Union and cannot arbitrarily change its tariffs. That is why it has resorted to a novel practice of imposing non-automatic import licensing system for all goods precisely to circumvent WTO and Mercosur free trade rules (Bendini, 2012). Mercopress (2012), a south Atlantic News Agency, reports that Argentina has imposed new restriction on imports in the garb of non-automatic import policy to safeguard domestic producers of the country. European Union Substantially Impacted The European Commission is of the view that licensing procedures adopted by Argentina are cumbersome, lengthy taking more than six months or longer (WTO prescribes 60 days) to complete. It also lacks transparency. Even goods that are not subjected to non-automatic import licensing procedure need to pass through a long and tiresome preapproval import procedure. In 2011, European Union export to Argentina was valued at EUR8.3 billion. Obviously, EU has been impacted significantly due to this protectionist policy of Argentina to curb imports (Bendini, 2012). According to Europe an trade commissioner, Karel De Gucht, the Argentine restrictions on imports have impacted a wide range of European exports of products such as mobile phone, laptops, cars and household appliances. De Gucht argued that as many as 19 WTO members have raised concerns against protectionist policies of Argentina and they would initiate a consultative process to solve the issue and if not resolved, then the EU would approach WTO to establish a panel of arbitrators to decide on the legality of Argentine action (Moss, 2012). Several Other Countries also Affected It is pertaining to note that Mexico, Japan, and the US have filed their separate complaints with the global trade arbiter regarding Argentina's new import policies (ICTSD (2012). In April 2012, at the Import Licensing Committee Meeting of WTO, several member countries that included Japan, Australia, the EU, Turkey, Thailand, Norway, the US, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Colombia, Peru, Chinese Taipei, Korea, Canada and Switzerland comp lained that their exports to Argentina had gone down due to Argentina's licensing requirements. They further complained that Argentinean government had put almost 600 products under a list that required individual approval for import (WTO, 2013). In 2012, similar

Animation Movie Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animation Movie Music - Essay Example Animation music plays a significant role in today’s modern world, but its roots date back to the silent film era which was the birth of its original conception. According to the Goldmark, a few of the cartoons might have had â€Å"specials scores† which were given to the theaters. In a 1923 periodical titled ‘Motion Picture News’ there was a suggestion from the Pathe home Office who issued in a printed statement that, "Jazz music goes well with Aesop's Fables. That's the conclusion reached after a number of tests, and consequently hereafter Pathe, the distributor of these subjects, will furnish musical effects sheets to each distributor booking one of these cartoons." In the 1930s, animation music was not very highly appreciated and derogatory remarks such as â€Å"Mickey mousing† a term that was used in a derogatory manner by David O. Seiznick when he compared a score by Max Steiner to that of a Mickey mouse cartoon which implied that the score was extremely simplistic and the happenings in the scene could be easily guessed. However, it was Carl Stalling who made the greatest impact in the arena of animation music. He made use of contemporary songs as film music. Stalling got hooked to movies after watching â€Å"The Great Train Robbery.† By 1904, in Lexington, Missouri, he started playing the piano during the changing of the reel at the local movie theatre.

The Effect of Non-Financial Compensation Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Non-Financial Compensation Essay The Effect of Financial and Non Financial Compensation to the Employee Performance Arik Prasetya†  and Masanori Kato Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Beppu-shi, Oita-ken, Japan Abstract This study aims (1) to examine the employee responses in terms of their performance to an implementation of the compensation policy that includes both financial and non financial compensations, (2) to analyze the influence of both financial and nonfinancial compensation collectively and individually. This research was conducted at PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office, by a proportional random sampling technique with the sample size of 57 employees. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of financial and nonfinancial compensation showed that the compensation policy of PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office is in line with expectations of employees. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, there are significant influences of financial and nonfinancial compensation to the employee performance. However it was noted that promotion did not influence the employee performance in this company. Keywords: financial compensation, salary, incentive, non financial compensation, promotion, employee performance INTRODUCTION Job performance is influenced by many factors. According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2007), performance management is â€Å"continuous cycle of improving job performance with goal setting, feedback and coaching, and rewards and positive reinforcement†. In this study the focus was given to compensation scheme. An investigation was conducted at PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office to see how such factors of compensation scheme affect job performance of the employees. The question that prompted the current investigation was What degrees at which the salary, incentives, benefits, promotion, self-development, and work environment collectively or individually have influence on employee performance? . Compensation Compensation is one of the physical needs that influence motivation which in turn will affect the employee performance. Providing appropriate compensation within the meaning of fair and adequate to meet the requirements is one of the personnel department functions that are difficult to implement. Compensation includes the financial returns to the services renered by employees as part of employment relationships. Compensation is a form of rewards that flow to employees arising from their employment (Dessler, 1995). Compensation has a big influence in the recruitment of employees, motivation, productivity and employee turnover (Bernardin Russell, 1993). The level and magnitude of compensation should be of concern because the level of compensation will determine the lifestyle, self esteem, and the value of the company. Cascio (1991) describes that the principles that must be considered in granting effective compensation are: a. The principle of fairness, taking into account the ratio between the highest and lowest salaries, cost of living, and so forth. b. The principle of justice, where there should be a good element of justice in connection with the element of working time and job performance.

O. Henrys Surprise Endings

O. Henrys Surprise Endings A theme would have to be his surprise endings of O.Henry. He uses this in a large amount of his stories. Many adults who read O.Henrys works are eagerly waiting for a surprise ending. (Rollins 155) O.Henrys works basically all contain a surprise ending. They lead you on it the beginning with a thought that everything is going according to plan. He lets the reader think that they have it figured out by we dont. He has something waiting for us at the end of the book. Something that would seem like it came out of no where. Hyder E. Rollins said â€Å"The conclusion is an enigma.†(155) He has the reader under suspense until the last sentence. This is shown in O.Henrys story The Gift of the Magi. Where a husband sells his watch to buy his wife some combs she worshiped, and the wife cut and sold her hair to buy her husband a chain for his watch. This was such a surprise because you never expected this in the beginning. Also O.Henry had an idea that life is a surprise that the unexpe cted continually happens. (157) Rollins spoke about O.Henry saying that â€Å"He is then, a pure romanticist who strives earnestly for realistic effects.† (157) A romanticist is a person who acts on impulse. They hate conformity they dislike following the rules. They prefer to make there own rules, and they are also in touch with nature. They love the outdoors. Rollins is saying that O.Henry is a romanticist because of his idea. His idea about how life happens unexpectedly. Its spontaneous so therefore you never know what kind of turn your life will take one for the better or worse. Eugene Current-Garcia said that â€Å"the most obvious technical manifestation of O.Henrys delight in the unexpected is in his famous surprise endings.†(Current-Garcia 137) O.Henrys way of using these surprise ending really played a big part in most of his stories. Another theme would of O.Henrys his most commonly used theme when he reverses everything on you. This means when he gives you a story and as soon as you think you have it figured out he changes it completely. He lets you think you know what kind of person the main character is while he has a plan to complete make that person plan a completely different role. Its not like surprise ending, but more like a reversal of the character completely from the way they act to the way they dress, talk, and walk. O.Henry liked to leave the reader guessing not only on the ending, but on what the characters would do next. For example in â€Å"The Princess and the Puma† the princess is portrayed in the beginning of the book as a princess one who lives highly. While she is really a pistol wearing, roping, riding cowgirl who has to fight off a mountain lion when she is suppose to be rescued. Technique was something that O.Henry was good at using. He used many different techniques and different styles in his writing one of the techniques his like using was local color. O.Henrys writings take the speech patterns and rhythms of the common folk and adds â€Å"vivacity, variety, and interest of his stories† said Eugene Current-Garcia. (Current-Garcia 142) He came directly from a southern background being born in North Carolina. The cultural tradition he inherited brought out a deep influence on his literary career. About thirty of his stories were placed in the old south setting or had to do with activities and attitudes of southern characters. When he writes he puts out a realistic dialogue from his childhood, his own history, and first hand observations of the various classes of people he knew and lived with.(Current-Garcia 12) O.Henry was born in the south so most of his stories talk about the lifestyles of the people in the south. His characters models are people w ho were around O.Henry. His narrative methods came from him dealing with Texas outlaws also from his childhood in the south. (Current-Garcia 4) There is a story where he talks about life with the outlaws in Texas. That is because he was there and witnessed it first hand. So he takes them and puts them into his story so that they can become major characters based on the way they were around him. O.Henry moved from the south to Texas and was later in jail all of these things were reason that were put into his stories. Since he was in jail some of his characters are based on people he met in jail or some of them are based on how the jail life was. In 1894 cash was found to have gone missing from the First National Bank in Austin, where Porter had worked as a bank teller. When he was called back to Austin to stand trial, Porter fled to Honduras to avoid trial. Little is known about Porters stay in Central America. It is said, that he met one Al Jennings, and rambled in South America and Mexico on the proceeds of Jenningss robbery. After hearing news that his wife was dying, he returned in 1897 to Austin. In 1897 he was convicted of embezzling money, although there has been much debate over his actual guilt. Porter entered in 1898 a penitentiary at Columbus, Ohio. All of this things helped O.Henry by being in his local color. They each played a significant part in his life and in his stories. O.Henry either wrote like a humorist like A.B. Longstreet and J.J. Hooper or he wrote with local color. Both ways you can tell that the characters had southern attitudes, manners, and speech. (Current-Garcia 4) Another technique would be O.Henrys ability to use allusions. An example of O.Henrys artistry with words can be seen in his many literary allusions, especially toward Shakespearean plays and the ancient classics. (Current-Garcia 146) O.Henrys â€Å"The Poet and the Peasant,† puts together a lot of literary devices. The story starts off first person narrative and follows a detailed description. At each turn of the story the irony gets further complicating. (Current-Garcia 152-153) This is just one example of how O.Henry uses many different literary devices. A writer said that in the many allusions to Shakespeare found in O.Henrys stories â€Å"how shows a tendency to word-play or to an unexpected turn similar to that manifest of the plots of his stories.†(Current-Garcia 146) The light touch of O.Henry â€Å"his mastery of the vernacular, his insight into the life of the disinherited, makes it needless for him to resort to such inventions.†(Forman 152) When O.Henry writes he has a touch that is unbelievable the way he makes everything fall together. Each line is unique in a way because he writes like he talks, but in some cases he is able to use academic terms in his writings. He just builds up a picture for us. Forman said â€Å"The piquant and picturesque phrasing, the dash of the slang. The genial and winning fancy seems to carry the most fantastic situations.†(Forman 152) This quote describes exactly what I mean he is able to paint a picture for us. His stories have the â€Å"harmony of tone so essential to the short story writer,† said Rollins. (Rollins 158) Even though O.Henrys ridiculous use of modern slang, he still is a master of felicitous expressions and strange verbal flavors. (Current-Garcia 136) O.Henry had a â€Å"malt reatment of words.† O.Henrys stories were either based in Texas or in New York City. Both of these places he spent a significant amount of time in during his life. He was in Texas working in a drug story. Then he was put into jail and some how found his way to New York City. These places made the setting of his stories simple and easy because every one has heard of New York City. While in prison O. Henry started to write short stories to earn money to support his daughter Margaret. His first work, Whistling Dicks Christmas Stocking (1899), appeared in McClures Magazine. After doing three years of the five years sentence, Porter emerged from the prison in 1901 and changed his name to O. Henry. He moved to New York City in 1902 and from December 1903 to January 1906 he wrote a story a week for the New York World, also publishing in other magazines. Henrys first collection, Cabbages and Kings appeared in 1904. The second, The Four Million, was published two years later and included his well-known stories T he Gift of the Magi and The Furnished Room. The Trimmed Lamp (1907) included The Last Leaf. After his death in 1920s his rep dwindled and critics wonder how he was ever taken seriously new fiction gained much more respect in 20s and 30s went against moral standards, taboos and conventions of older generation nd reliance on plot structure. Critics consider all of O.Henry work jokes because he was humorous and he used slang he didnt take it seriously. While other said it is fair to compare him woth anybody. He was just amazing like Henry James Forman said â€Å"No talent could be more original or more delightful. The combination of technical excellence with whimsical,sparkling wit, abundant humor and fertile invention is so rae that the reader is content without comparisons.† This is true on many levels about O.Henry the way in which he wrote so many stories was amazing. Towards the end of his life things started to fall out. O. Henrys last years were shadowed by alcoholism, ill health, and financial problems. He married Sara Lindsay Coleman in 1907, but the marriage w as not happy, and they separated a year later. O. Henry died of cirrhosis of the liver on June 5, 1910, in New York.

Locke Arguments In Support Of Private Property Philosophy Essay

Locke Arguments In Support Of Private Property Philosophy Essay What are Natural Rights? A Natural Right is a universal right that everyone has all around the world. In particular, Natural Rights is a political theory that maintains that an individual enters into society with certain basic rights and that no government can deny these rights. Us as humans were born with these natural rights. Natural rights grew out of the ancient and medieval doctrines of natural law, which is the belief that people, as creatures of nature and God, should live their lives and organize their society on the basis of rules and precepts laid down by nature or God. The concept of a natural right can be contrasted with the concept of a legal right. A legal right is specifically created by the government, while a natural right is claimed even when it Is Private Property a Natural Right? Yes! I consider Private Property a Natural Right. Private Property plays a big role within Natural Rights. Many philosophers including Locke, Marx, and Rawls each had their position on private property. This leads to the question: What is Private Property? You can not just give one definition because as I said before, many philosophers had different positions about private property on natural rights. If I had to define Private Property, I would say it is any property that is not public property, and may be under the control of a group or a single individual. It is like a claim to something that excludes others from having that same privilege. The one philosopher that I will talk about is John Locke. John Locke (29 August 1632 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British empiricist, but is equally important to social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential enlightenment thinkers, classical republicans, and contributors to liberal theory. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American Revolutionaries. Lockes theory of mind is often cited as the origin for modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the later works of philosophers such as David Hume, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa; that is, contrary to Cartesian or Christian Philosophy, Locke maintained that people are born without innate ideas. John Lockes position on private property being a natural right is really different from that of other philosophers. Locke was a major social contract thinker who argued that all people know what to do and why they do it therefore making sense. He said that mans natural rights are life, liberty, and property. In the Second Treatise of Government by John Locke, he writes about the right to private property. In the chapter which is titled Of Property he tells how the right to private property originated, the role it plays in the state of nature, the limitations that are set on the rights of private property, the role the invention of money played in property rights and the role property rights play after the establishment of government.. In this chapter Locke makes significant points about private property. In this paper I will summarize his analysis of the right to private property, and I will give my opinion on some of the points Locke makes in his book. According to Locke, the right to private property originated when God gave the world to men. Locke makes the argument that when God created the world for man, he gave man reason to make use of the world to the best advantage of life, and convenience. What he means by that is, that God made this world for man, and when he made it he gave m an the right to use what is in this world to his benefit. Locke explains that every man has property in his own person, and that nobody has any right to that property but that person. The author states that whatsoever then he removes out of the state of nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his labour with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property (Locke pg. 19). What Locke means by that statement is that once a person removes something out of its original state of nature that something becomes that persons property. After someone gains this property are there any limitations on that property? Locke believes that there are limitations on that property. Locke believes that God has given us all things richly, and that man may use those things as long as he takes what he needs. Locke believes that the purpose of government is to protect property and that society was set up to avoid civil or foreign wars that may occur over the dispute of property. Locke attempts to rationalize the right of men having unequal possessions of the earth, but fails because he does not recognize that unequal ownership of property does not allow for the basis of his argument that ownership of property is only justified if there is good and enough for others. The right to private property is the cornerstone of Lockes political theory, encapsulating how each man relates to God and to other men. Locke explains that man originally exists in a state of nature in which he needs answer only to the laws of nature. In this state of nature, men are free to do as they please, so long as they preserve peace and preserve mankind in general. Because they have a right to self-preservation, it follows that they have the right to those things that will help them to survive and be happy. God has provided us with all the materials we need to pursue those ends, but these natural resources are useless until men apply their efforts to them. For example, a field is useless until it produces food, and no field will produce food until someone farms it. Â  Locke proposes that because all men own their bodies completely, any product of their physical labour also belongs to them. Thus, when a man works on some goods or material, he becomes the owner of that goods or material. The man who farms the land and has produced food owns the land and the food that his labour created. However the restriction to private property is that, because God wants all his children to be happy, no man can take possession of something if he harms another in doing so. He cannot take possession of more than he can use, for example, because he would then be wasting materials that might otherwise be used by another person. Unfortunately, the world is afflicted by immoral men who violate these natural laws. By coming together in the social-political compact of a community that can create and enforce laws, men are guaranteed better protection of their property and other freedoms. Lockes treatment of property is generally thought to be among his most important contributions in political thought, but it is also one of the aspects of his thought that has been most heavily criticized. There are important debates over what exactly Locke was trying to accomplish with his theory. One interpretation, advanced by C.B. Macpherson, sees Locke as a defender of unrestricted capitalist accumulation. Locke used the idea of a state of nature to present his political views, Locke argued that men have rights, including those to life and property, and the Two Treatises justifies revolution in some circumstances. C.B. Macpherson marshalled various facts so as to argue that Locke defended the rationality of unlimited desire, and so capital accumulation, in a way that provided a moral basis for capitalism. What is more, he did so in the context of a broadly Marxist historiography, according to which British theorists of the seventeenth and eighteenth century adopted ideas which reflected the emergence of a capitalist economy. When historians criticise and compare theories in terms of accepted facts, they can use criteria of accuracy, comprehensiveness, consistency, fruitfulness, openness, and progressiveness. Alan Ryan has criticised Macpherson for inaccuracy. He argued that Macpherson was wrong to say Locke thought rationality was restricted to one class who went in for the acquisition of capital goods. Rather, Locke explicitly said that all adults apart from lunatics were rational enough to understand what the law of nature required of them. Ryan also has criticised Macpherson, at least implicitly, for failing to be comprehensive: Macphersons theory could not account for the many passages in the Two Treatises that Ryan used to show that Locke said things clearly contrary to Macphersons interpretation. More generally, Ryan has suggested that Macphersons errors stem from an unfruitful method. John Dunn too has criticised Macpherson for not being comprehensive: Macphersons theory took no account of Lockes religious faith, a faith which provided the unifying theme of Lockes thought. In particular, Dunn has argued that Locke could not have intended to demonstrate the overriding rationality of capital accumulation precisely because his view of rationality depended on his religious beliefs, and so for him the rationality of any action in this world necessarily would de pend on the effect of the action on ones after-life. More recently, James Tully has developed Dunns broad critique of Macpherson by interpreting the Two Treatises, within the context of Lockes religious beliefs, as an attempt to defend a self-governing community of small proprietors enjoying the security to harvest the fruits of their labours, an ideal which Tully sees as contrary to capitalism. More generally, Dunn too related Macphersons erroneous view of Locke to a faulty method. Instead, Dunn advocated, against Ryan as well as Macpherson, a method which would focus on the intentions that it makes sense to ascribe to authors in the light of what we know of the characteristic beliefs of their time. Because people can respond to criticism in a way that strengthens their theory, comparison must be a more or less continuous activity. However, our criteria of comparison suggest we should scrutinise the way in which people deflect criticisms to see if they do so in a progressive manner maintaining the openness of their theory. Thus, if Macpherson responded to the criticisms of Ryan or Dunn, or if Ryan responded to the criticisms of Dunn, we would want to know whether their revised views represented either a progressive development of their theories or a purely defensive hypothesis. For example, Neal Wood has defended an interpretation of Locke that we might regard as a revised version of Macphersons view in so far as it apparently rests on a fairly similar, broadly Marxist historiography. Wood criticises Tullys interpretation of Locke for being incomplete, and possibly inconsistent. Robert Nozick also questions the idea of mixing and in doing so, offers an alternative explanation to Levines objection. In Anarchy, State and Utopia he asks, Why isnt mixing what I own with what I dont own a way of losing what I own rather than a way of gaining what I dont? If I own a can of tomato juice and spill it in the sea so that its molecules mingle evenly throughout the sea, do I thereby come to own the sea, or have I foolishly dissipated my tomato juice? Nozick reformulates Lockes idea by saying that one does not appropriate something by mixing labour with it, but rather by labouring on it and improving it to make it more valuable. By extensions, anyone is entitled to own a thing whose value he has created. Nozick himself asks why ones entitlement should extend to the whole object rather than just to the added value ones labour has produced. However, he gives no real argument against this and instead notes that no value-added property scheme has ever been devised. Nozick suggests Someone may be made worse off by anothers appropriation in two ways: first, by losing the opportunity to improve his situation by a particular appropriation or any one; and second, by no longer being able to use freely (without appropriation) what he previously could. However, Nozicks revision does make the intuition that underlies the Lockean proviso, that the harmless appropriation of unowned things is morally defensible, more plausible than Lockes own formulation does. It does so, though, at the cost of introducing a consideration foreign to Lockes way of thinking into the very heart of his theory. Nozick, being a libertarian at heart, agrees with the essence of Lockes theory but prefers to reformulate certain areas that he thinks do not work. It is difficult to conclude whether Lockes natural right of property should be accepted since we know from history that initial acquisition of property was not done on a Lockean basis.

The Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

The Nobelprize winning book: The old man and the sea, has been written by Ernest Hemingway and was published in 1982, though the original American print had been published in 1952. The title is exactly what the book is about. It is a short story. The story is written in one continuous whole and is written from the view of the writer, it is very realistic. The description of the setting are the dominating factor in this book. The author spends a lot of time, for describing the sea, and what takes place. There are a lot of dialogues in the book. Example:"Who gave this to you""Martin. The owner""I must thank him""I thanked him already," the boy said."You don't need to thank him.""I'll give him the belly meat of a big fish," the old man said. "Has he done this for us more than once?""I think so""I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us."The next fragment I find really representative for the whole book, because it is a fragment in which the old man is talking to himself, like he does all the time, and he is saying how great the fish is, which he does quite a few times too."He is a great fish and I must convince him, hethought. I must never let him learn his strengthnor what he could do if he made his run. If I werehim I would put in everything now and go untilsomething broke. But, thank God, they are not asintelligent as who kill them; although they aremore noble and more able."The book is about an old man, who goes out fishing (his profession, not as a sport) one day. He decides to go really far out, before the sun comes up. Then one of his lines goes under, and he hooks the fish. But the fish is so strong, that he can't pull him up. The old man thinks that if he lets the fish pull his boat, a sailing-boat the size of a rowing-boat, the fish will go out of strength and die soon.But it's a very very strong fish and he keeps pulling for a day and a half. Then the fish gets out of strength and starts circling around the boat, a sign of tiredness. But when the fish is close to the boat the old man sees how big he really is, he thinks he is about 1500 pounds.

Kate Chopin Gives a Womans Voice to Realism Essay -- essays papers

Kate Chopin Gives a Womans Voice to Realism Kate Chopin succeeded in giving a woman's voice to realism. While doing this she sacrificed her career. This seems to be a "higher order of feminism than repeating the story of a woman as victim...Kate Chopin gives her female protagonist the central role, normally reserved for the man, in a meditation on identity and culture, consciousness, and art." (Robinson 3) "The role of woman in the society Chopin creates is of special interest and relevance. (Robinson 6) Introduction to Kate Chopin Before Kate Chopin came onto the writing scene, women had an insignificant role in society. Women never did anything that would cause some sort of controversy. All literature focused around a male main character as well. Most stories being written at the time were about male characters and their stories, not the women. Kate Chopin changed that. Kate Chopin was born Katherine O'Flaherty. She was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1851. Her father was an Irish immigrant and her mother was of French descent. They introduced Kate to music and writing at an early age. (Elements of Literature 481) At nineteen she married Oscar Chopin, who was a French Creole from New Orleans. They had six children together. After her husband's sudden death IN???, she moved back to ST. Louis and began to write. In 1890 she published her first novel. Her stories concerned the life of French Creole in Louisiana and were praised for their accurate portrayal of the French. Her themes are a much more controversial matter: it was the repression of women in Victorian America. This theme was presented in her famous novel The Awakening. (Robinson 15) The Awakening Kate Chopin's most well... ...s. She accomplished her goals, and made a major impact on writing. Kate Chopin influenced many other women writers today. She was "a pioneer of her own time, in her portrayal of women's desires of independence and control of their own sexuality." (Toth 481) Bibliography: 1. Allen, Priscilla. "Old Critics and New: The treatment of Chopin's The Awakening." The Authority of Experience: Essays in Feminist Criticism, eds. Arlyn Diamond and Lee R. Edwards. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. 2. Chopin, Kate. "A Pair of Silk Stockings" Elements of Literature. Orlando, Florida: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1993 481-484 3. Moers, Ellen. Literary Women: Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976 4. Q. Arpin, Susan Allen Toth. Elements of Literature, 5th Course. Orlando, Florida: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1993

Grief Counselling Essay

Attachment, loss and the experience of grief. Attachment Theory founded by John Bowlby (1977) it explains how we as humans obtain affectionate bonds with others and how when they are threatened how we as humans tend to react. He suggests that these attachments come from a need for security and safety. (P7) when it comes to loss of a loved one it then explains how we as humans are very much the same as the animal world in the way that we grieve a loved one. Grief is the term used to describe the loss that someone has experienced , morning is the process that the person goes through in adapting to the loss bereavement defines the loss to which the person is adapting to. Grief affects people in very different ways it can effect them physically, emotionally and cognitively, all of this can effect the way in which people function and go about there everyday life, this is all very normal and everyone who is grieving will go though this process in one way or another. Chapter 2 25-47 understanding the mourning process. Since mourning is a process, it has been viewed in various ways, primarily as stages, phases, and tasks of mourning. The tasks of mourning are: to accept reality; to experience the pain; to adjust to environment without loved one including external, internal and spiritual adjustments; to relocate and memorialize loved one. The second task in this chapter is that of the counsellor who is helping the client through the grieving process. The counsellor needs to look at the following things; the person who died, nature of attachment, circumstances of death, personality mediators, historical mediators, social mediators, concurrent changes. Chapter 3 51-80 Grief counseling Facilitating uncomplicated grief Grief counselling is not for everyone who has had a loss, most people are able to work though the mourning process on their own without any outside help. Some may just need time to process their loss and time to try and rebuild their lives after the loss this can be done on their own or some ay need the help of a counsellor to walk alongside them. The counsellor then needs to identify weather or not the bereaved fits into the at risk Category, at risk meaning at risk of falling into the category on complicated grief. Some medications can be helpful when going through the grief process, but are mainly helpful in dealing with anxiety issues or insomnia issues. Grief counselling can also be effective in counselling the be reaved as it gives them more support than just the counsellor. Chapter 4 83- 98 Abnormal Grief reactions: Complicated Mourning. This is looking at why people fail to grieve. Many factors can stand in the way as to why people fail to grieve. These are; relational factors, these are what type of relationship did the person have with the deceased. Circumstantial Factor; this relates to the circumstances of the loss they can be a hindrance if there is uncertainty as to how the deceased died. Historical factor; if the person has had trouble grieving in the past they may have trouble grieving in the future. Personality Factors; some are unable to cope with distress and this makes it hard for them to grieve appropriately.

Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory Essay

AbstractBowlbys ethological accessory scheme bases its argument on the premise that gentlemans gentleman case-by-cases, just like animals have a tendency to have a raw(a) inclination to establish and maintain immutable amicable tie downs ( adherences) to the familiar and irreplaceable early(a)wises. Bowlby gain ground asserts that once the adhesivenesss ar established, the strength, and stability of the associate is related the emotional stability and social welf be of the single end-to-end behavior. Bowlby proposes that the bond certificate ab initio form during infancy and often say angiotensin converting enzyme elemental appurtenance variant (mostly the produce or opposite primary cargongiver). However, growth from sisterhood to adulthood results in the outgrowth of other low gearly and ten-fold supplements which argon organized into hierarchies from the most sociable to the least accessible.This forms the aliveness story discipline of an id iosyncratic as trammel needs for reliever and closeness shift from parents to peers as go bad of a healthy life suppuration. This base discusses Bowlbys ethological trammel speculation as a possibleness of biography breeding. The composing is organized with an introduction which briefly discusses the model of ethology and its ancestry from the field of force on the greylag twitch geese by Konrad Lorenz. It further presents the contrisolelyions of Bowlby and the performances of the surmisal on valet universes lifespan schooling and contemporaneous utilise. The paper logically ends with a conclusion. portalEthology emphasizes that human air is tied to exploitation and biology, and is therefore characterized by critical periods. consort to ethnologists, the critical periods are time frames during which the heraldic bearing of lack of certain find outs defends long-lasting go on human single(a)s. The concept of ethology blush to prominence subsequentl y a European zoologist (Lorenz) undertook a behavioral study on graylag geese and their behavior of pastime their mothers directly after they hatch (Marga, 2011). In hisattempt to study on fixing, Lorenz subdivided the pelt laid by one goose into two groups with one being habituated to the mother for hatching while the other was hatched in an incubator. The goslings hatched by the mother followed the mother immediately after hatching while those hatched in the incubator followed Lorenz sine he was the one they saw immediately after hatching. level after marking the goslings and placing them in a box, the goslings run to the mother and Lorenz according immediately after the box was go arounded ( avant-garde der Horst & van der Veer, 2009).Lorenz set forth the process as imprinting. work refers to the process by dint of which rapid, nescient acquisition takes place and involves the creation of hamper to the starting time mobile object visible to a newly hatched gosling. John Bowlby took the concept ahead illustrating an application of ethological system on human behavior and maturement. In his view, extension to a sellgiver during the first social class of a squirt has signifi dropt consequences throughout the individuals lifespan. In his words, appendix influences human relationships from the cradle to the grave (Pitman & Scharfe, 2010, p. 201).Bowlby repugns that if the hamper is twain validating and secure, the individual has a high likelihood of developing positively through infanthood and into adulthood. On the other side, if the addendum is both negative and insecure, the individual has high chances of not attaining optimal life-span development. It is the carry on of human individuals that they reach optimal lifespan development, something that ethological speculation partly tries to explain. This paper discusses Bowlbys ethological attachment theory and its applications in the subscriber line of lifespan development. Bowlb ys opinions on ethological attachment theoryFrom the perspective of ethological theory, babies have an innate biological preparation to participate actively towards the establishment of a bond with caregivers. The ethological theory holds that much(prenominal) an attachment promotes the likelihood that the genes of individuals abide (Makulincer & electric shaver, 2012). The theory too posits that the behaviors of fryren are outstrip understand in the context of their adaptational value hence they seek to amply integrate with the entire organism-environment arrangement. This takes material, social as wellspring as the cultural aspects an individual is exposed to in the course of life-span development. duration Bowlbys ethological theoryplaces its accent on genetics and biological aspects of development, learning in like manner plays an integral single-valued hunt in life-span development since it facilitates flexibility and adaptation of human behavior. peerless of Bowlbys concerns had to do with the ability of children raised in other institutions such as orphan ripens to form lasting relationships. Bowlbys proposal of marriage was that children who grow up in institutions such as orphanages have difficulties when it comes to love beca ingestion they neer had the opportunity to establish attachments to a mother figure in the early exhibit of their lives. The attachment, in Bowlbys view, is an emotional bond established among two pile and this attachment is brisk in the expression of healthy relationships (Makulincer, Shaver & Berant, 2013). He argued that the attach process starts at birth and runs through to later stages in life. Below sextet months, the infant is attached to the primary caregiver. betwixt six to eighteen months, the detachment of the child from the attachment figure upsets the child cause frequent cries. some other accompanying behavior at this stage is the fear of strangers. speckle infants develop a primary a ttachment to a single caregiver, researchers in any case argue that other significant attachments also develop. such(prenominal) attachments include those with siblings, fathers, and other close figures who act with the child. Mary Ainsworth, an American scholar to study the area of attachment describes the attachments as standby attachments (Marga, 2011). She further describes secondary attachments as essential bonds in the life-span development of an individual. These attachments are vital since the child has to live in foundation beyond the mother/primary caregiver. junior-grade attachments help in the transformation of the child from the comfortable symbiotic relationship that he/she initially forms with the primary caregiver to include others in the society (Makulincer & Shaver, 2012).It is from this development that the child is able to develop age-appropriate in waitence and liberty in the course of life-span development. Children imitate their models and the positive interactions with the caregiver promote a thought of identity and attachment. Children also develop quadruple attachments as witnessed in Ainsworths secondary attachments (Marga, 2011). A father who is warm and affectionate towards the child becomes emotionally involved with the child and establishes attachment. Researchers also find that when sons feel understood by their fathers, they develop attachments towards, theirfathers. On the other side, when sons feel misunderstood by their fathers, they did not only feel afraid of them but also did not want to be like the male parent in the future. The lesson here is that paternal affection and dread are tell components that help in the promotion of positive relationships and attachments amidst a male parent and the child. fit in to dark (2008), Bowlbys ethological attachment theory is accept as a lifespan developmental theory. The author further argues that it is relevant in the understanding of how early affection acknowledges exert influence on emotional and physiologic well being of an individual both in childhood and adulthood. The author specifically singles the importance of Bowlbys ethological attachment theory in clinical practice as it helps in understanding customers mourning and the carrying out of psychotherapy. Contemporary research on neurobiology of attachment extends the basis of Bowlbys idea of an attachment behavior arrangement and suggests that its functions are executed in the brains right hemisphere, specifically the right lens cortex (Sable, 2008). Just like Bowlby asserts that attachment system evolves on the need for protection from environmental dangers such as predation, the brain is also an evolving organ largely influenced by subjective selection (Sable, 2008, p. 22) and later shaped by environmental experiences.It is from this realization that knowledge of attachment theories becomes invaluable in psychotherapy. Application of Bowlbys ethological attachment in lifespan d evelopment According to Pitman & Scharfe (2010), the principles of attachment theory are distinctively visible in moments of straiten or sickness when the individual feels that their survival is under threat. However, there are many other instances when attachment behaviors are manifest such as childrens first experiences in schools and solar day care centers. Pitman & Scharfe (2010) observe that during the first day in day care centers, children experience increases in cortisol levels and heart rates. In the course of an individuals developmental lifespan, other incidences include airport separations when couples viewing attachment behaviors as well as distress irrespective of their attachment security. companionship of attachment is useful in psychotherapy.According to Pitman & Scharfe (2010), individuals with high attachment foreboding and avoidance experience greater physical symptoms in comparison with individuals who have low attachment anxiety and avoidance. The research ersalso tale on the existence of an necktie between attachment anxiety and avoidance on one hand and depression on the other across varying age groups. These range from smacks of children and adolescents, emerging adults, married couples, community of interests samples in transition to parenthood, university samples, as well as clinical samples. The results indicate an association between higher attachment anxiety and avoidance with depression (Sable, 2008). The establishment of attachment with the therapists determines the effectiveness of a therapist in giving assistance to a guest. Bowlby believes that the development of a new attachment with a therapist enables the therapist to assist the lymph gland in revising the story of the clients life into a more consistent narrative.According to Sable (2010), the role of the therapist is to provide a jumping-off place for revision and this is possible through enounce exploration of the painful feelings and the unhappy events that head the current emotional problems of the client. In put up to win this trust, the therapist ought to become a relatively secure base where the client experiences safety and support. The therapist has to cultivate for this attachment through calming and soothing interactions although it may take some time before the therapist is accepted and felt as emotionally familiar and affectively accustomed to the client. matchless of the applications of Bowlbys ethological attachment theory by clinicians is in the assessment of the clients attachment style so that the clinician can regulate the therapeutic approach (Sable, 2010).The outcomes of a therapy process reveal that avoidant outpatients show token(prenominal) clinical improvements in comparison to the secure and anxious outpatients after individual therapy (Makulincer, Shaver & Berant, 2013). They also report that in a study carried out in a university program education clinic, avoidant attachment had an antonym relationship to psychotherapy outcome. Researchers agree that problems in the working alliance between clients and therapists partly mediate the avoidance-outcome association. In another sample of clients with eating dis golf-clubs, avoidant-attachment was linked with dropout of group psychotherapy. Another contemporary application of Bowlbys ethological theory is in the diagnosis of the reactive attachment disorder. Follan & Minnis (2009) investigate the cases of the forty-four juvenile thieves described as affectionless psychopaths. Out of the sampled juvenile thieves, 86 percent had undergone through prolonged separationfrom primary caregivers in the early stages of their lives apart(predicate) from being placed under fivefold care placements.Follan & Minnis (2009) find out that in their sample, 60 percent of children with reactive attachment disorder had been separated from their homes either resulting from spend or other types of maltreatment. According to Bowlby, the experience of se paration from primary caregivers was a key etiological factor contributing towards the development of difficulties in children. These findings lend credence to Bowlbys ethological attachment theory in the diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder (RAD). turn Bowlbys ethological attachment theory receives general support, it also faces some criticisms. One such criticism is its reliance on biology and evolution as the basis of development as well as the use of selective observations in naturalistic situations. Marga (2011) presents contradicting reports of a study involving 162 farm children where there was no relation between infant training on one hand and reputation development on the other. As a result, the researcher implores scientists to quit blaming mom as a dismissal to Bowlbys ethological attachment theory. While the criticisms are there, Bowlbys ethological theory receives widespread support and application as it relates to the lifespan development of an individual.Conc lusionThe behavioral development of a human being begins at birth and occurrences at the plastic years determine the personality development of the individual later in adulthood. more theories such as the behavioral and psychoanalytic theories explain personality development of the human individual. The quality of the entire human life is the accurate measure of effective lifespan development of the individual. Bowlbys ethological attachment theory argues that human individuals develop attachments to primary caregivers that are affectionate and supportive. As individuals grow, they develop other secondary and multiple attachments with peers in order to get security as they interact with different environments. Bowlbys perspective has veritable widespread acceptance although it has also been criticized for placing emphasis on biology and evolution. Nevertheless, the theory receives application in psychotherapy.Researchers report that clients are open up to therapists after they d evelop a feeling of security and attachment with the therapist. there is evidence that psychotherapyoutcomes also depend on the establishment of attachment between the client and the therapist. There is also a link between avoidant-attachment and dropout of group psychotherapy. The theory specifically helps in understanding the distress of clients in various stages in life and this facilitates positive outcomes during physiotherapy. There is further evidence that Bowlbys ethological attachment theory also helps in the diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. As individuals grow from childhood to adulthood, their attachments change due to changes in the environment, making Bowlbys ethological theory a theory of lifespan development.ReferencesFollan, M., & Minnis, H. (2009). Forty-four juvenile thieves revisited From Bowlby to reactive attachment disorder. Child care, health and development 36(5) 639-645. Makulincer, M., & Shaver, P.R. (2012). braggart(a) Attachment Orientations and Relationship Processes. Journal of Family supposition & Review 4 259-274. Makulincer, M., Shaver, P.R., & Berant, E. (2013). An attachment perspective on therapeutic processes and outcomes. Journal of nature 81(6) 606-616. Marga, V. (2011). The Social Nature of the Mothers Tie to Her Child John Bowlbys Theory of Attachment in Post-war America. British Journal for the record of Science 44(3) 401-426. Pitman, R., & Scharfe, E. (2010).Testing the function of attachment hierarchies during emerging adulthood. Personal Relationships 17(2) 201-216. Sable, P. (2008). What is mature Attachment? Clinical Social move Journal 36(1) 21-30. van der Horst, F.C.P., & van der Veer, R. (2009). withdrawal and divergence The untold story of throng Robertsons and John Bowlbys suppositional dispute on mother-child separation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 45(3) 236-252.

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place

Through his cast entitled A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, Hemingway tries to demonstrate how great deal need different opinions regarding aging and experience, and he does this by dint of the eyes of the two waiters and an one clip(a) service piece.Today, a crowing percentage of pile assume things active separate individuals they do non know based except on how they look. Hemingway perk upms to h disusedish the hand of the reader as he expresses wherefore people should have an apply mind and make an attempt to look by the eyes of for each one person because thither is so frequently more to know than just by looking at a persons physical appearance.At the moolah of our lives when we are non yet fully assured of the things happening in our surroundings, e genuinelything seems to be beautiful and innocent. However, by the time we get grey-headeder, we realize that things are not as easy as they once seemed.Along with the joys and gladness we experience, there is ov erly pain, sadness, and privacy.This short story is about an doddery homosexual who inducts in a head off a few times a week. He preferred this particular club from the differents because it is clean and has a calm ambiance, which relaxes him. He drinks away until two oclock in the morning and is the last person to leave the touchstone.On the fount are two waiters who serve the rare worldly concern. adept is a young homosexual while the other is a middle-aged waiter. While serving the old man, these two waiters converse and argue about the old man and it is evident that they see the old man in different perspectives due to their age difference.In the arising of the story, an old, deaf man was descri cut and how he was enjoying the shut off and getting drunk almost every darktime. He feels comfortable in the bar because it is calm, clean, well-lighted, and quiet contradictory the other bars in the area.He stays here until the wee mos of the morning and it can be see n that he does not fit well into the society at the time because he is well over his time already.It was mentioned that last week, he tried to commit self-destruction (Kennedy & Gioia 148). This gives the reader the impression that the man was in desperation even though he is well-endowed in terms of financial resources.The young waiter was in a rush to close the bar an hour earlier because there was only one customer, the old man, who was present at that time. The young waiter in any case wanted to go home early because his wife was waiting for him at home.It is shown that he disrespects the old man by throwing the old man out of the bar insisting that they were already closing. The younger waiter seems to be flat and static.He is somewhat intolerant and self-centered for he has his own social life and does not cypher on the bar to seek refuge. He does not understand what the old man was feeling and why he spends his time in the bar potable the night away.The fact that he is y oung and has very limited experience in life contributes to this attitude. He has no idea that the old man has spend his life and believes that he has no use to anyone because of his age, which is why he tried to commit suicide.He is lonely and devastation is very hard to cure, especi in ally when people approximately you do not understand what you are departure through, just interchangeable the old man in the story.The young waiter also sees the loneliness and despair of the old man as largely a fault of his own because the old man chooses to see the darkness instead of the light.The young man feels that the old man dwells in his misery too much and that there are better things to do than sit inside a bar and drink. He shout at the old man saying you should have killed yourself last week (Kennedy & Gioia 148). He treats the old man analogous an obstacle as if the old man was slowing down the young mans life.The erstwhile(a) waiter, on the other hand, shows a different attit ude towards the situation, and this top executive be because of his age. He is more sensitive to the old man because he knows what it is like to be old and lonely. This waiter says I am one of those who like to stay late at the cafe with all those who do not want to go to bed (Kennedy & Gioia 150).He knows what it is like to go home at night without anything or anyone to expect and how it is better to spend the night in a bar instead of experiencing the loneliness that the night can bring. He knows that the bar is a very nice and clean place for people at night, especially the older ones. He says each night, I am reluctant to close up because there may be someone who necessarily the cafe (Kennedy & Gioia 150).He is not only referring to the old man but to himself as well. Personally, I think that this is why he most likely works at the bar at night himself. Just like the old man, he does not want to be alone at night. He is becoming older as time goes on and he also has an insomni a, which makes it hard for him to sleep at night.